1. 23. l'admettre à la pénitence, 'condemn her to do penance'. What this 'penance' was is explained 1. 35, viz.: imprisonment for life, with the bread of tears and the water of affliction for her food.

1. 24. octroyer, 'to concede', 'grant'; from the same Lat. word as autoriser. Hence the octroi, or duty levied on articles carried into a town, originally in virtue of a grant from the king.

PAGE 65.

1. 4. fainéants, 'idle (do-nothing)'; from faire and néant. This latter word néant, Old Fr. nient, is from Lat. ne or nec and entem, ens, 'a being'. Its other derivatives are anéantir, néanmoins.

1. 8. nous la retrouverons bien. Here bien='certainly'. Cp. p. 64, 1. II.

1. 21. À peine eut-elle, scarcely had she'. For this inversion of the verb and pronoun subject in a principal sentence that begins with à peine, peut-être, en vain, etc., cp. p. 34, 1. 13.

1. 27. que de vivre. When the comparison is between two infinitives que de is generally used instead of que.

1. 37. Un confesseur. At day-break on the 30th May, 1431, Martin l'Advenu was directed to prepare her for her coming doom.

PAGE 66.

1. 5. j'en appelle, 'I appeal (from or touching this=en)'. 1. 11. L'évêque assistait, 'the bishop (Cauchon) was present'. 1. 16. un prédicateur. According to Michelet this preacher was Pierre Morice.

1. 26. Isambart. Henri Martin gives the full name of this Augustin monk 'Isambart de la Pierre'.

PAGE 67.

1. 5. le prédicateur. Nicole Midi, one of the lights of the University of Paris.

1. 6. l'Église ne peut plus te défendre. The trial and sentence were the part of the Church; the carrying out of the sentence belonged to the secular power.

1. 11. demander grâce de, 'to beg for'. Obs. the dative of the remoter object (aux juges) of the verb demander.

1. 16. tantôt...tantôt, 'at one time...at another'.

1. 34. Elle vit de quel prix..., 'she saw what was to be paid for heroism and glory'.

PAGE 68.

1. 2. son acceptation de cœur = 'her resignation at heart'.

1. 3.

sa révolte des sens, 'her bodily shrinking from'; lit. rebellion of the senses.

1.

4. le laissent conclure, 'allow it to be inferred'. Obs. the infinitive active for the Eng. passive after verbs of “causing."

1. 25. l'huissier massier='the mace-bearer'.

à une église voisine. The Church of Saint Sauveur.

1. 27. véritable Simon. In allusion to Matt. xxvii. 32, "And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name: him they compelled to bear His cross."

1. 33. liée à un poteau. She was bound to the stake and upon her head was placed a mitre on which were inscribed the words: 'Hérétique, relapse, apostate, idolâtre'.

PAGE 69.

1. 2. comme si cette voix fût déjà venue, 'as if this voice had already come'; si ('if') may take the subjunctive when the tense is a pluperfect. 1.6. que tu n'expies. Obs. ne after a verb of "fearing" used dubitatively. Cp. p. 22, 1. 14.

1. 10.

On eût dit-on aurait dit. The pluperf. subj. is often used for the compound conditional; cp. p. 51, 1. 36.

1. 13. qui montait au vent=which was fanned by the wind'. 1. 26. la disputaient à la servitude='strove to rescue it from foreign subjugation'.

1. 36. don. The second don, being in apposition, requires no article.

PAGE 70.

1. 6. abandonnée du roi.

Not par le roi'. Passive verbs are followed by de when they express a feeling of the heart or soul, or a state or condition; by par when they express an action of the mind or

J. D'ARC.

8

body. The gratitude of Charles VII towards Joan did not last beyond her first reverse at Paris. Before that time he had been anxious to acknowledge her services; but she refused all rewards for herself and only asked that her birth-place might hereafter be free from any kind of impost. This privilege was granted by the king in an Ordinance dated July 31, 1429, and confirmed by another in 1459. It continued in force for more than three centuries.

1. II.

une assomption, probably with reference to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.

1. 17. elle en vit, 'she lives through it'; en='‘of this patriotic faith'.

VOCABULARY.