Abacus, the logical, 199
Abscissio Infiniti (the cutting
off of the infinite or negative part),
the process by which we determine
the position of an object in a system
of classes, by successive comparison
and rejection of those classes to which
it does not belong.

Absolute terms, i.e. non-relative
terms, 25; sometimes used as name
of non-connotative terms, 41
Abstract terms, 20, 43
Abstraction, 285
Accent, fallacy of, 174
Accident, fallacy of, 176; the pre-
dicable, 103

Accidental definition is a defi-
nition which assigns the properties
of a species, or the accidents of an
individual; it is more commonly
called a Description.

Acquired perceptions, 236
Added determinants, inference
by, 86

Adequate knowledge, 56

A dicto secundum quid, &c.,
fallacy of, 176
Adjectives, 21
Adverbials, 93

Affirmative propositions, 63
Algebraic reasoning, 58, 219
Ambiguity of all, 20; of some, 79
of many old terms, 291; of terms in
Political Economy, 292
Ambiguous middle term, 130, 171
Amphibology, fallacy of, 172
Ampliative propositions, 69
Analogue, a thing analogous to
some other thing.
Analysis, method of, 205

Analogy, the cause of ambiguity,
35, 50; reasoning by, 226-8
Analytics, (Ta AvaλvTika,) the title
given in the second century to por-
tions of the Organon, or Logical
Treatises of Aristotle; they were
distinguished as the Prior and Pos-
terior Analytics.

Analytic syllogism, a syllogism
in which the conclusion is placed
first, the premises following as the
reasons. See Synthetic Syllogism;
the distinction is unimportant.
Antecedent, of a hypothetical pro-
position, 160; of an event, 240
Anticipation of nature, 229
Antinomy (avri, against; vóμos,
law), the opposition of one law or rule
to another. Kant.

A posteriori knowledge, 208
A priori knowledge, 208
Arbor Porphyriana, see Tree of
Porphyry.

Argument, (Latin, argus, from
dpyòs, clear, manifest,) the process of
reasoning, the shewing or proving
that which is doubtful by that which
is known. See Inference. The mid-
dle term of a syllogism is sometimes
called specially the argument.
Argumentum a fortiori, an
argument in which we prove that
the case in question is more strong
or probable than one already con-
ceded to be sufficiently so.
Argumentum ad hominem,

178
Argumentum ad judicium,
an appeal to the common sense of
mankind.

Argumentum ad ignorantiam, an argument founded on the ignorance of adversaries. Argumentum ad populum,

179

Argumentum ad verecundiam, an appeal to our respect for some great authority. Argumentum ex concesso, a proof derived from a proposition already conceded.

Aristotle's Dicta, 123 Art and Science, distinction of, 7 Artificial Classification, 284 Assertion, (ad, to; sero, to join,) a statement or proposition, affirmative or negative. Association of ideas, (associo, to accompany; socius, a companion,) the natural connection existing in the mind between impressions which have previously coexisted, or which are similar. Any idea tends to bring into the mind its associated ideas, in accordance with the two great laws of association, the Law of Contiguity, and the Law of Similarity. Assumption, (assumo, to take for granted,) any proposition taken as the basis of argument; in a special sense, the minor premise of a categorical syllogism.

Attribute, (attribuo, to give or ascribe to,) a quality or circumstance which may be affirmed (or denied) of a thing; opposed to Substance, which see.

Attribute in grammar, 92 Attributive term, i. e. Connotative

term, 41

Axiom, defininition of, 125

Baconian method, 255; Philosophy, 229

Barbara, Celarent, &c., 145 Begging the Question, 179 Belief, assent to a proposition, admitting of any degree of strength, from the slightest probability to the fullest certainty; see Probability. Bentham, George, new system of Logic, 187

Boole, George, his system of Logic, 191; his Laws of Thought, 197; his logical works, 201

Canons of syllogism, 121-2; Hamilton's supreme Canon, 189 Canons of Mill's Inductive Methods, First, 240; Second, 242; Third, 245; Fourth, 252; Fifth, 249 Categorematic words, 18 Categorical propositions, 63 Categories, the summa genera, or most extensive classes into which things can be distributed; they are ten in number, as follows:

Ovơía, Substance ; Ilorov, Quan tity; Iotov, Quality; IIpós T, Relation; Ποιεῖν, Action; Πάσχειν, Passion, or suffering; IIoû, Place; Πότε, Time ; Κεῖσθαι, Position ; "Exew, Habit or condition.

Everything which can be affirmed must come under one or other of these highest predicates, which were described in the first treatise of Aristotle's Organon, called the Categories.

Cause, meaning of, 239

Aristotle distinguished four kinds of causes for the existence of a thing -1. The Material Cause, the substance or matter composing it; 2. The Formal Cause, the pattern, type or design, according to which it is shaped; 3. The Efficient Cause, the force employed in shaping it; 4. The Final Cause, the end, motive or purpose of the work.

Chance, ignorance of the causes which are in action; see Probability. Character, derivation of the word, 46

Characteristics, 285

Circulus in definiendo, 110, 114 Circulus in probando, 179 Clearness of knowledge, 54. Cognition, (cognosco, to know,) knowledge, or the action of mind in acquiring knowledge.

Colligation of Facts, Dr Whewell's expression for the mental union of facts by some suitable conception, see 286 Collective terms, 19

Combined or complete method of investigation, 258 Comparison, (com, together; par, equal or like,) the action of mind by which we judge whether two objects