RULE 48.

Appraisal and Proofs of Loss Distinct and Separate — Waiver.

An appraisal and furnishing proofs of loss are entirely separate and distinct matters; the statement or proofs of loss not only relate to value, but call for information bearing otherwise on the liability of the company.1 Mere request for appraisal coupled with specific demand for proofs, the assured having an opportunity to comply, does not operate as a waiver.2 But an offer to pay amount of an award may be evidence of waiver of proofs,3 and such is the effect of a promise to pay it.*

1. Fournier v. German-American Ins. Co., 23 R. I. 36, 49 Atl. Rep. 98. And see Wicking v. Citizens' Ins. Co., 118 Mich. 640, 77 N. W. Rep. 275; Prevost v. Scottish Union Ins. Co., Rap. Jud. Quebec, 14 C. S. 203.

2. Hanna v. American Central Ins. Co., 36 Mo. App. 538. And see McCollum v. Liverpool, L. & G. Ins. Co., 67 Mo. App. 66. See also "Appraisal:" " Waiver."

3. McCoubray v. St. Paul F. & M. Ins. Co., 50 App. Div. 416, 64 N. Y. Supp. 112. And see Caledonian Ins. Co. v. Traub, 80 Md. 214, 30 Atl. Rep. 904, 86 Md. 86, 37 Atl. Rep. 782, 27 Ins. L. J. 493.

4. McGonigle v. Susquehanna Ins. Co., 168 Pa. St. 1, 31 Atl. Rep. 868, 24 Ins. L. J. 808.

It has been held that a demand for an appraisal waives proofs of loss. Home Ins. Co. v. Bean, 42 Nebr. 537, 60 N. W. Rep. 907, 24 Ins. L. J. 516; Dee & Sons v. Key City Ins. Co., 104 Iowa, 167, 73 N. W. Rep. 594; Harrison v. Hartford Ins. Co., 112 Iowa, 77, 80 N. W. Rep. 309; Walker v. German Ins. Co., 51 Kans. 725, 33 Pac. Rep. 597; Southern Ins. Co. v. Turnley, 100 Ga. 296, 27 S. E. Rep. 975, 27 Ins. L. J. 57; Caledonian Ins. Co. v. Cooke, 101 Ky. 412, 41 S. W. Rep. 279, 27 Ins. L. J. 318. No doubt appraisal may waive proofs in limited time (see Rule 62), but, as to waiver otherwise, see "Appraisal;" and " Waiver." Proofs having been once furnished need not be again after an award under appraisal. Billmyer v. HamburgBremen Ins. Co., W. Va. 49 S. E. Rep. 901.

RULE 49.

Authority of Adjuster.

An adjuster who calls upon and negotiates with the assured, as result of a notice of loss communicated through a local agent, has apparent authority to waive the statement or proof of loss, and to agree upon the amount of loss;1 authority to adjust a loss includes authority to waive proof of loss;2 but there should be some evidence of authority besides the naked fact that the person calls himself or is generally known as an adjuster.3

1. Wholley v. Western Assur. Co., 174 Mass. 263, 54 N. E. Rep. 548, 28 Ins. L. J. 263; St. Landry Mercantile Co. v. Teutonia Ins. Co., La. 37 So. Rep. 967.

2. Ruthven v. American Ins. Co., 102 Iowa, 550, 71 N. W. Rep. 574, 27 Ins. L. J. 593; Liverpool, L. & G. Ins. Co. v. Tillis, 110 Ala. 201, 17 So. Rep. 672; California Ins. Co. v. Gracey, 15 Colo. 70, 24 Pac. Rep. 577; Germania Ins. Co. v. Pitcher, 160 Ind. 392, 64 N. E. Rep. 921; Etna Ins. Co. v. Shoyer, 85 Ind. 362; McCollum v. Liverpool, L. & G. Ins. Co., 67 Mo. App. 66.

3. Hollis v. State Ins. Co., 65 Iowa, 454, 21 N. W. Rep. 774; Slater v. Capital Ins. Co., 89 Iowa, 628, 57 N. W. Rep. 422; Barre v. Council Bluffs Ins. Co., 76 Iowa, 609, 41 N. W. Rep. 373; Harris v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 85 Iowa, 238, 52 N. W. Rep. 128; German Ins. Co. v. Davis, 40 Nebr. 700, 59 N. W. Rep. 698; Mitchell v. Minnesota Ins. Co., 48 Minn. 278, 51 N. W. Rep. 608. And see Atlas Ins. Co. v. Brownell, 29 Can. S. C. 537; Commercial Union Assur. Co. v. Hargeson, 29 Can. S. C. 601. See also "Adjuster."

RULE 50.

Waiver by Adjuster.

An adjuster or special agent of the insurance company authorized to investigate, or ascertain, adjust, and settle the loss, binds the company by a parol waiver of the statement or proof of loss; such waiver need not be evidenced in writing; the waiver clause in the

policy requiring written evidence is inapplicable or inoperative in such a case.

Smaldone v. Insurance Co. of N. A., 162 N. Y. 580, 57 N. E Rep. 168, affg. 22 App. Div. 633 (no opinion); opinion on previous appeal, 15 App. Div. 232, 44 N. Y. Supp. 201; Dwelling-House Ins. Co. v. Dowdall, 159 Ill. 179, 42 N. E. Rep. 606; Heusinkveld v. St. Paul F. & M. Ins. Co., 106 Iowa, 229, 76 N. W. Rep. 696; Smith v. Continental Ins. Co., 108 Iowa, 382, 79 N. W. Rep. 126, 28 Ins. L. J. 924; Lake v. Farmers' Ins. Co., 110 Iowa, 473, 81 N. W. Rep. 710; Roberts v. Northwestern Nat. Ins. Co., 90 Wis. 210, 62 N. W. Rep. 1048, 25 Ins. L. J. 68; Mix v. Royal Ins. Co., 169 Pa. St. 639, 32 Atl. Rep. 460; Carson v. Jersey City Ins. Co., 43 N. J. L. 300; Burlington Ins. Co. v. Lowery, 61 Ark. 108, 32 S. W. Rep. 382, 25 Ins. L. J. 610; Powers v. New England Ins. Co., 68 Vt. 390, 35 Atl. Rep. 331; Hartford Ins. Co. v. Keating, 86 Md. 130, 38 Atl. Rep. 29, 27 Ins. L. J. 406; Franklin Ins. Co. v. Chicago Ice Co., 36 Md. 102; Citizens' Ins. Co. v. Bland (Ky.), 39 S. W. Rep. 825, 40 S. W. Rep. 670, 26 Ins. L. J. 615; McGuire v. Hartford Ins. Co., 7 App. Div. 575, 40 N. Y. Supp. 300, affd. without opinion, 158 N. Y. 680; Lowry v. Lancashire Ins. Co., 32 Hun, 329; Titsworth v. American Central Ins. Co., 62 Mo. App. 310; Young v. Ohio Farmers' Ins. Co., 92 Mich. 68, 52 N. W. Rep. 454; Burlington Ins. Co. v. Rivers, 9 Tex. Civ. App. 177, 28 S. W. Rep. 433; Indiana Ins. Co. v. Capehart, 108 Ind. 270, 8 N. E. Rep. 285; American Ins. Co. v. Sisk, 9 Ind. App. 305, 36 N. E. Rep. 659; Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Bowdre, 67 Miss. 620, 7 So. Rep. 596; Rokes v. Amazon Ins. Co., 51 Md. 512; Carroll v. Girard Ins. Co., 72 Cal. 297, 13 Pac. Rep. 863; Blake v. Exchange Ins. Co., 78 Mass. 265; Perry v. Dwelling-House Ins. Co., 67 N. H. 291, 33 Atl. Rep.

731.

Exception See Wadhams v. Western Assur. Co., 117 Mich. 514, 76 N. W. Rep. 6, 27 Ins. L. J. 924; Gould v. DwellingHouse Ins. Co., 90 Mich. 302. And see "Adjuster and Adjustment," and " Waiver."

A waiver of the statement or proof of loss or of defects therein is not prevented by a statement or dee

laration by the adjuster or company to effect "that nothing is waived;" or in demanding further proof that it does not thereby waive any defense it may have;" and even an agreement between the adjuster and assured in general terms that in investigating or adjusting there is no waiver of legal rights or defenses or of terms and conditions of the policy, will not prevent such a waiver; but mere failure of an adjuster to keep an appointment with the assured is no evidence of waiver of proofs.*

1. Summers v. Western Home Ins. Co., 45 Mo. App. 46. 2. Granger v. Manchester Assur. Co., 119 Mich. 177, 77 N. W. Rep. 693, 28 Ins. L. J. 220.

3. Brock v. Des Moines Ins. Co., 106 Iowa, 30, 75 N. W. Rep. 683, 27 Ins. L. J. 893; Millers' National Ins. Co. v. Jackson County Milling Co., 60 Ill. App. 224.

4. Ervay v. Fire Assoc., 119 Iowa, 304, 93 N. W. Rep. 290. And see "Waiver."

RULE 52.

Denial of Liability as Waiver.

An unqualified denial of liability or assertion that policy is void waives statement or proof of loss;1 and this effect is not prevented by a statute imposing an obligation to furnish proofs.2

1. Lumbermen's Ins. Co. v. Bell, 166 Ill. 400, 45 N. E. Rep. 130; Northern Assur. Co. v. Chicago B. & L. Assoc., 98 Ill. App. 152, affd., 198 Ill. 474; Erie Ins. Co. v. Hill, 99 Ill. App. 178; Davidson v. Guardian Assur. Co., 176 Pa. St. 525, 35 Atl. Rep. 220; Wilson V. Commercial Union Assur. Co., 51 S. C. 540, 29 S. E. Rep. 245; Caledonian Ins. Co. 2. Traub, 80 Md. 214; Angier v. Western Assur. Co., 10 S. D. 82, 71 N. W. Rep. 761; Home Ins. Co. v. Hancock, 106 Tenn. 513, 62 S. W. Rep. 145; Gerling v. Agricultural Ins. Co., 39 W. Va. 689, 20 S. E. Rep. 691, 24 Ins. L. J. 385; Home Ins. Co. v. Gilson, 72 Miss. 58, 17 So. Rep. 13, 24 Ins. L. J.

458; McPike v. Western Ins. Co., 61 Miss. 37; Liverpool, L. & G. Ins. Co. v. Tillis, 110 Ala. 201, 17 So. Rep. 672; Virginia F. & M. Ins. Co. v. Goode, 95 Va. 762, 30 S. E. Rep. 370; German-American Ins. Co. v. Norris, 100 Ky. 29, 37 S. W. Rep. 267, 26 Ins. L. J. 384; Orient Ins. Co. v. Clark (Ky.), 59 S. W. Rep. 863; German Ins. Co. v. Frederick, 58 Fed. Rep. 144, 7 C. C. A. 122; Faust v. American Ins. Co., 91 Wis. 158, 64 N. W. Rep. 883, 25 Ins. L. J. 176; Matthews v. Capital Ins. Co., 115 Wis. 272, 91 N. W. Rep. 675; Liverpool, L. & G. Ins. Co. v. Ellington, 94 Ga. 785, 21 S. E. Rep. 1006; West v. Norwich Union Ins. Co., 10 Utah, 442, 37 Pac. Rep. 685; Lum v. United States Ins. Co., 104 Mich. 397, 62 N. W. Rep. 562, 25 Ins. L. J. 53; Morgan v. Illinois Ins. Co., 130 Mich. 427, 90 N. W. Rep. 40; Stickley v. Mobile Ins. Co., 37 S. C. 56, 16 S. E. Rep. 280, 838; Bloom v. State Ins. Co., 94 Iowa, 359, 62 N. W. Rep. 810; Soorholtz v. Marshall Ins. Co., 109 Iowa, 522, 80 N. W. Rep. 542; Etna Ins. Co. v. Simmons, 49 Nebr. 811, 69 N. W. Rep. 125; Lansing v. Commercial Union Assur. Co., Nebr. 93 N. W. Rep. 756; Massell v. Protective Mut. Ins. Co., 19 R. I. 565, 35 Atl. Rep. 209; Flaherty v. Continental Ins. Co., 20 App. Div. 275, 46 N. Y. Supp. 934; Milwaukee Mechanics' Ins. Co. v. Winfield, 6 Kans. App. 527, 51 Pac. Rep. 567; Trundle v. Providence-Washington Ins. Co., 54 Mo. App. 188; Germania Ins. Co. v. Ashby, 65 S. W. Rep. 611; Liverpool, L. & G. Ins. Co. v. Ricker, 10 Tex. Civ. App. 264, 31 S. W. Rep. 248; Home Ins. Co. v. Boyd, 19 Ind. App. 173, 49 N. E. Rep. 285; German Ins. Co. v. Seibert, 24 Ind. App. 279, 56 N. E. Rep. 686; Morrow v. Lancashire Ins. Co., 26 Ont. App. 173; Sproul v. Western Assur. Co., 33 Oreg. 98, 54 Pac. Rep. 180, 8 Ins. L. J. 118; Sun Mutual Ins. Co. v. Searles, 73 Miss. 62, 18 So. Rep. 544; Tayloe v. Merchants' Ins. Co., 9 How. (U. S.) 390; Fischer v. Crescent Ins. Co., 33 Fed. Rep. 544; East Texas Ins. Co. v. Brown, 82 Tex. 631, 18 S. W. Rep. 713; Taylor v. Glens Falls Ins. Co., Fla. 32 So. Rep. 887; Home Ins. Co. v. Koob, 113 Ky. 360, 68 S. W. Rep. 453, 24 Ky. L. Rep. 223; India River State Bank v. Hartford Ins. Co., Fla. 35 So. Rep. 228; Etna Ins. Co. v. Jacobson, 105 Ill. App. 283; Royal Ins. Co. v. Martin, 192 U. S. - 149, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 247; Gerringer v. North Carolina Home Ins. Co., 133 N. C. 407, 45 S. E. Rep. 773; Continental Ins. Co. v. Daniels, 78 S. W. Rep. 866 (Ky.); St. Landry Mercantile Co. v. Teutonia Ins. Co., La. 37 So. Rep. 967; Greenwich Ins. Co. v. State, Nicholas v. Iowa Merchants' Ins. Co., Iowa, Rep. 115; Ohio Farmers' Ins. Co. r. Vogel, 73 N. E. Rep. 612; Siegle v. Phoenix Ins. Co.,

Ark.

84 S. W. Rep. 1025;

101 N. W.

Ind. App.

Mo. App.