Introduction to Plant PhysiologyCells, tissues, and organs: the architecture of plants; The plant cell building blocks: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates; Lipids are a class of molecules that includes fats, oils, sterols, and pigments; Proteins playa central role in the biochemistry of cells and are responsible for virtually all the properties of life as we know it; Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of biological molecules; Biological membranes; The membrane lipid forms a bilayer, a highly fluid but very stable structure; Membranes contain significantamounts of protein; Cellular organelles; Most mature plant cells contain a large, central vacuole; The nucleus is the information center of the cell; The endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are centers of membrane biosynthesis and secretory activities; The mitochondrion is the principal site of cellular respiration; Plastids are a family of organelles with a variety of functions; Microbodies are metabolically very active; Cytoskeleton the extracellular matrix; The primary cell wall is a flexible n etwork of cellulose microfibrils and cross-linking glycans; The cellulose-glycan lattice is embedded in a matrix of pectin and protein; Cellulose microfibrils are assembled at the plasma membrane as they are extruded into the cell wall; The secondary cell wall is deposited on the inside of the primary wall in maturing cells; Plasmadesmata are cytoplasmic channels extend through the wall to connect the protoplasts of adjacent cells; Tissues and organs; Tissues are groups of cells that form organized, functional unit; Meristems are regions of perpetually dividing cells; Parenchyma is the most abundant living tissue in plants; Supporting tissues are distributed throughout the primary and secondary plant bodies; Vascular tissues are the principal conducting tissues for water and nutrients ; Epidermis is a superficial tissue that f orms a continuous layer over the surface of the primary; Plant body; Plant organs; Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerais from the soil. |
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active amino acids apoplast Arabidopsis assimilation auxin biosynthesis carbon cell wall cellular CH₂ Chap chemical chlorophyll chloroplast CO₂ coleoptile complex concentration cycle cytokinins cytoplasm cytosol diffusion dinitrogen electron transport elongation energy enzyme ethylene example factors FIGURE flowering fluence function genes germination gibberellin glucose glycolysis gradient growth guard cells higher plants hormones increase inhibition ions kinase known leaf leaves levels light lipid malate meristem mesophyll metabolic mitochondria molecular molecules mutants NADH nitrogen fixation nodule normally nutrient organisms osmotic potential oxidation oxygen pathway percent phloem phosphate phosphorylation photoperiod photosynthesis phototropic phytochrome pigment plant cells plasma membrane production protein proton protoplast PSII pyruvate reaction reduced regulation respiration response rhizobia role root Rubisco seed seedlings sieve elements signal sink soil solution species starch stem stomatal stress structure sucrose sugar surface synthesis temperature thylakoid tion tissue translocation transpiration uptake vapor vascular water potential xylem