BRERETON, Rev. J. L., M.A.-continued.

Training Colleges.-Present Government system too large, cumbrous, and centralised to be permanent, and therefore should not be extended to middleclass schools, 10,302-5: they should be self-supporting, 10,306: parents of boys adapted for schoolmasters would pay expense of training, 10,307: Devon County School Association does not contemplate forming training schools, 10,308: but would have a class for training masters in the county college, 10,311.

BRUCE, Rev. J. C., LL.D., F.S.A., formerly proprietor of a private school at Newcastle-on-Tyne:

Mr. Bruce's School was both a day and boarding school of over 200 scholars, 35 of whom were boarders; the highest terms for boarders were 451. per annum, and for day scholars four guineas a quarter, 16,271–5.

Newcastle Grammar School.-At one time a first-rate classical education was given in this school, and it was then that Lord Stowell and Lord Eldon attended it, 16,287: the school is likely to receive very large accessions of revenue, 16,293: the falling away of the school was owing to local circumstances, 16,306: everything except French is taught for a guinea a quarter, 16,307: the old building is pulled down, and a new site is fixed upon, 16,365.

Educational Wants of Newcastle.-Newcastle may be considered as the centre of a population of not less than three or four hundred thousand; it is a town rather remarkable for its intellectual activity, 16,327-8: nearly all the sons of the wealthy inhabitants are educated out of Newcastle, and therefore the want is the best day-school education, 16,331-2: the higher class of education might be provided for from 107. to 201. a year, 16,368: desirableness of young men being able to obtain private instruction, 16,373: if schools of the superior kind are provided, parents would still send their sons away, and to Rugby, Eton, or Harrow rather than to Durham, 16,383–4 : the wages of artizans in Newcastle are very high, and the more intelligent of them might be willing to pay about two guineas a quarter for a good dayschool education, 16,390–92.

Boarding Schools are more advantageous than day schools for boys in any class of life; and parents, but for the expense, would rather send their boys as boarders, 16,300–304.

Subjects of Instruction.-Middle-class boys who leave school at about 16 should have their education carried as high, as to the subjects of it, as that of boys in a higher class, 16,308, 16,316-17: does not think that the teaching of physical science has a very striking effect as a discipline of training for the mind, 16,314: perplexity and loss of time are caused by teaching Latin and English grammar upon different systems, 16,318: for those who want to enter business not later than 18, classics and mathematics should be put on an equal footing; if compelled to make a choice witness would choose classics, 16,338-40: the theoretical study of science is useful, but would not take up a boy's time with it if it could be advantageously devoted to classics and other subjects, 16,401: Latin should be one element of education, 16,424-5.

Endowed Schools must discourage private efforts to some extent: but they diffuse a love of learning and a spirit of emulation amongst the population, leading to the support of numerous teachers, 16,296: a master's income should considerably depend upon the number of pupils, so as to give him an interest in the success of the schools, 16,298: would not employ endowments to beat down the cost of education to the average middle-class parent, but would rather give free exhibitions open to competition, 16,355–6.

Education of Girls.-A special examination of girls might tend to improve their education, 16,408: would give them a good English education, and make them acquainted with French, Italian, or German; but would not give a classical education: would depend in a large measure for the cultivation of their minds upon making them acquainted with English literature, 16,412.

BRYCE, Rev. R. J., LL.D. :

Education of Middle-classes.-Witness states his experience of this subject, 17,221-4: the principles on which the education of boys in the various classes of society should be conducted are the same, 17,232: subjects of education for boys, 17,233-4: boys and girls should be educated precisely on the same plan up to a certain point, 17,235-7: rewards and punishments, 17,244-5 governing bodies of large middle-class schools should consist of persons who have a direct interest in the schools being well managed, and who possess the education to know when the schools are properly conducted, 17,246, vol. ii. p. 882: proposed constitution of governing bodies, viz., town councils, university graduates, the grand jury, and persons rated to the poor, 17,247-52: age at which classical studies should be commenced, 17,253–6: in case of children of the lower middle class teaching of neither Latin nor French should be imperative; if any other language than the vernacular were taught, it should be Greek, but English should form a very special study, 17,257-9: method of teaching English, 17,260-2: importance of teaching Latin colloquially, 17,263-5.

Age at which mathematics should be taught, 17,266-8: arithmetic might be taught at an early age, 17,269: sound instruction in English and arithmetic, and general training of the intelligence, should form the chief points in the education of boys who leave school at 14 or 15, 17,270: suggestions as to teaching geometry and algebra, 17,271-4: course of education desirable for boys whose education terminates at 17 or 18, 17,275-6: physical sciences should be taught to all classes of boys; their use as educational means is to cultivate the inductive faculties, and to interest boys in intellectual pursuits generally, 17,277-81, 17,298: course of education for boys who leave school at 14 or 15, 17,282-91: religious instruction, 17,292-5: religious differences may be overcome by good sense, good feeling, mutual forbearance, and candour and honesty in framing and carrying out the regulations of a school, 17,296-7: no difficulty in teaching political economy in middleclass schools, 17,299, vol. ii. p. 885.

Training and Qualifications of Teachers.-Special course of education necessary for middle-class teachers; they go into the profession without having the slightest approach to a systematic view of the principles of education; qualifications for teachers are the same for middle-class as for poor schools; objections to this view are answered by the experience in Scotch schools; if teachers for the higher classes were required to pass through a proper course of general education, then to attend a course of lectures, explaining the philosophical principles of teaching, and a school where those principles were applied, and finally a preference being given to persons who had gone through such a course, a demand for such teachers would be created, reaching from the higher to the lower class of schools, 17,225-7, vol. ii. p. 882: the capability to teach could be as easily tested as in the case of the medical profession, the Universities giving degrees or diplomas in teaching, 17,238-43, vol. ii. p. 883-4: German system, 17,228-9. The great evil lies in the lack of education in mental philosophy as a speculative science and as mental discipline, 17,230-1.

Buss, Miss F. M., Principal of North London Collegiate School for Girls :

North London Collegiate School for Girls.-Origin of the school, 11,434–5: is a private boarding and day school under the general superintendence of the clergy, 11,436-41: number of boarders 18, paying from 50 to 60 guineas a year, 11,442, 11,444: number of day scholars 201, paying on the average nine guineas a year, 11,443, 11,445: buildings will not accommodate more pupils, 11,451: number of teachers, 11,654: social condition of parents, 11,447–8, 11,450.

Course of education includes Latin, French, and German, arithmetic, English composition, and spelling, also music, drawing, and needlework, 11,452-9, 11,472-83, 11,497-9, 11,642-52: average stay at school, 11,500-1: age on admission, 11,520-1: system of emulation adopted at this school, and its applicability to girls' schools generally, 11,507-19: physical training attended to as being essential to a girl's education, 11,623-8: instruction in natural science, 11,629-41; physiology, 11,656-9: deficient education of pupils on admission, 11,531-2, 11,536-46.

Buss, Miss F. M.-continued.

Endowments.-Girls should have a share of the endowments, which might be applied in establishing scholarships and in providing buildings, 11,488-92 : governing body of endowed schools for girls should consist of men and of women, 11,494-6.

Education of Girls.-Means for, much wanted, 11,460-3: girls generally are very ignorant, 11,464–6: girls can learn anything they are taught in an interesting manner, 11,470-1: there is a want of schools, good teachers, and a motive for the girls to study, which last might be stimulated by examinations and certificates; education at present is almost entirely showy and superficial, 11,527-30, 11,562-4: probable cost of education of lower middle-class girls, 11,565-6: the great difficulty is providing buildings; if that were done, an efficient mistress would make the schools self-supporting, 11,567-70: apathy of parents one great obstacle, 11,571-2: domestic economy should be taught, 11,583-8: system of teaching adapted for girls' schools, 11,606-22.

Examinations. Benefits of extension of Cambridge University local examinations to females, 11,467-8: mental and moral effects of examinations on females, 11,589-99: examinations should be left to the universities, not intrusted to the Government, 11,600-5.

Training and Certification of Teachers.-Mistresses not so good as they should be, 11,469 should be trained in the art of teaching and receive a certificate, 11,484-6: certification should not be compulsory, 11,487: Home and Colonial Society's college the only place at present for training middleclass mistresses, 11,533-5: difficulty in obtaining good mistresses, 11,547-54: a series of standards should be fixed, leaving open to the female middle class the choice of the profession of instructress, 11,555–61.

Preparatory Schools.-Girls leaving them are badly instructed, 11,522-6, 11,530-2.

.

C.

CALDER, Rev. F., M.A., Head Master of the Grammar School at Chesterfield: Chesterfield Grammar School was founded about 1600; the endowment is worth only 1801. a year, 7387-8: disposal of the endowment, 7391: in the upper and lower schools together there are about 100 boys; 20 in each school are on the foundation, 7393-4: benefits of the foundation, 7396–7: there is a small exhibition of 107. a year, 7406: if a boy be of average ability, would rather he did not neglect Greek, because he would not bestow more industry upon anything else, 7414: many boys who have left the school have been sorry they did not learn Greek when witness wished them, 7419: grade of the 10 highest boys in the school, 7421 the boys have too much influence with their parents in the selection of their studies, 7428.

:

There are a few boarders, 7433: a boarding house of 10 boys represents a profit of 201. out of an average receipt of 50%. a boarder, 7440: the trustees do not interfere with the management of the school, 7442: doubtful power of the trustees to dismiss the master, 7443-51: unsatisfactory definition of the subjects of education in the scheme, 7452-9 : undesirableness of giving to trustees the power of removing a master without power of appeal, 7462-8: the head master should appoint the under masters, 7470: reasons for giving the master considerable discretion in the management of the school, 7472-5: the proportion of masters to boys is about one to thirty, 7482: the boys are arranged in classes according to the different subjects that are being taught; a boy may be in the first class in Latin and in the third class in Euclid, 7484: salaries of the masters, 7492: the day boys pay 67. a year; the payment is too small, 7495-6: 1,1001. of the charities of Chesterfield are given away in doles, which is unsatisfactory, 7505-7.

Arrangements for religious instruction, 7516-19: it would be desirable to devote a portion of the money given in doles to the establishment of exhibitions or free scholarships, 7520-21: in a small town a master's salary

CALDER, Rev. F., M.A.-continued.

should be fixed, to render him independent of the comparatively uneducated opinion of the place, 7531-3: would like French and drawing to be obligatory on all boys above a certain standing, 7537-9: science studies elicit the faculty of observation, but do not supersede the rigorous training of classics and mathematics, 7564: principle upon which the foundation boys are admitted, 7579: other schools in Chesterfield, 7587: thinks there is no feeling of class between the foundation boys and the day boys, 7593.

Difficulties arising from denominational feelings, 7596–9: it would be a good plan to have a competitive examination for foundation boys, 7605: a principal feature in the school is the making the lessons as wide as possible in the teaching of English, 7608: written statement describing fully the management of the school, page 730 (vol. i.).

University Local Examinations.-Has great difficulty in getting parents to allow boys to be sent on account of the expense, 7573: the system is very useful, as giving a stimulus to some schools where the boys have little to look forward to, 7585.

Certification of Teachers.-Would test the ability to teach by compelling actual teaching before an inspector, 7615.

Inspection of Schools.-Would make it compulsory on all schools, but especially on schools that are endowed, 7619-23.

CARPENTER, W. B., Esq., M.D., F.R.S., &c., Registrar of the University of London:

University of London Matriculation Examinations.-These are intended to test the possession by candidates of such an education as should offer a satisfactory basis for higher study, 734, 831-2: general subjects of examination, 735-6: in 1864 over 500 candidates applied to be examined; there is a constant tendency to increase, 738: the average number of rejections is about one-third, 739: the university now awards its honours to those who have obtained the highest aggregate of marks, instead of giving honours for special subjects, 741: statistics of matriculation based on the lists of six examinations, 743: marks are given without any reference to the ages of the candidates, who may be of any age not under sixteen, 744-5.

As to the comparative value of the education given in endowed schools, private schools, and proprietary schools, it would be difficult to form any estimate; there is nearly an equality between them in the per-centages of those pupils who pass, 746: taking subjects separately, in classics the principal complaint is of a want of thorough knowledge of grammar; in the exact sciences and mathematics the candidates are as well informed as upon any other branch, and the proportion of marks gained in arithmetic is higher than that gained in most other subjects; the proportion gained in chemistry and natural philosophy is generally very respectable; and the French examiners are on the whole very well satisfied, 748-53: the question of omitting chemistry was strongly urged upon the senate, but it was determined by a large majority to retain it, 757.

System of marks, and numbers of candidates who have obtained honours, 758-62, 772-5, 853-4: growing desire amongst Scotch schoolmasters to obtain the university's degree, 769: the larger proportion of the matriculated candidates come up with the intention of going on for some one of the degrees, but many come up merely to obtain the credit of having passed the matriculation examination, 777: there is a large body of schools in the country over which the influence of these examinations is very great, 778: local examinations are now held at a few centres; these save expense to country candidates, and are a means of extended usefulness, 779-86: there is not much to complain of in the writing and spelling of the candidates: elementary arithmetic is well taught; it is generally in the higher parts that the candidates fail, 790-1: the papers are very fairly constructed in point of grammar, 792-3.

Different methods adopted by various schools in selection of candidates, 795: objects of men of the age of 40 years and upwards in presenting themselves for examination, 796-7: would rather see a multiplication of the number of local centres, and the candidates from all schools brought

CARPENTER, W. B., Esq., M.D., F.R.S., &c.-continued.

together, than have a separate inspection of individual schools, 801-2: arrangements for division of the men who pass the examination, 803-8: advantages of holding a matriculation certificate, 809-10: beneficial effect of the examination upon the education given in schools, 811: a large proportion of plucked men reappear at future examinations, and about one-half are rejected again; they are allowed to come up any number of times, 812-14: ages at which men are most successful at these examinations, 818-22: result upon schools of the introduction into the examinations of chemistry, 823-5, 850-51: does not agree with the objection made to a too great variety of subjects; would, however, give an option between Greek and an additional modern language, 826-8.

Great variety in the efficiency of schools, 829: stimulus given by these examinations to a higher kind of work on the part of men engaged in education, 834-5: affiliated colleges, 836-7: applications for local examinations can be made by any city, town, or college, 839: it is quite an exception to have any candidates from the great public schools, 844: those who come from grammar schools have generally had their education supplemented by special instruction, 847: constitution and arrangements of the examinations committee, 855-61: proportion of candidates preparing for the medical and clerical professions, 862-6: many pupils come up straight from school without any intermediate tuition, 867-8: the comparative value of papers in different subjects is not published by the senate, but is pretty generally known amongst the candidates, 869.

Sees no reason to believe that a certain amount of knowledge of natural philosophy and of chemistry is in the least degree incompatible with a thorough and accurate knowledge of classics and pure mathematics, 878-9: causes of the neglect of practical educators to conform to the required standard, 880 generally speaking, candidates come from the upper middleclass schools, but a large number come up for the degree of art from a very humble position indeed, 887-8, 938-40.

Education of Middle Classes.-Test of improvement afforded by examinations for the University of London matriculation, the number of candidates for which has continued to increase, although of late years the examination has been made much more stringent, 747, 756: the great deficiency which exists is not so much a deficiency of attainment as a deficiency of exactness in the earlier stages; schoolmasters are anxious to make a show, that their pupils shall be said to be reading certain books, and push on their boys faster than their earlier studies justify, 881-4: the deficiency of accurate fundamental knowledge is particularly great in those schools where the sons of small farmers and tradesmen are taught, 888.

Practical suggestions for improvement of middle-class education, viz., (1), to assimilate it more to the education given in the highest class of national schools, by introducing a much larger element of the knowledge of common things; (2), to give a Government attestation of the qualification of schoolmasters, 889-92: cost of tuition at the superior middleclass schools in London and in the country, 944-8: desirableness of throwing the whole cost of tuition upon the parent, and devoting the endowments of schools to widening the course of instruction, 948-9: the parents of the upper middle-class appreciate classical education at a higher money value than they do what is called useful education; among the lower middle-class they generally look to what is useful in business, 95053: exhibitions open to sons of persons of limited means, and occupying professional positions, would be very valuable indeed, 957-8.

Certification of Teachers.-Advantage of a Government attestation of the qualification of schoolmasters, 891: would not make such certificates compulsory, 893-5: the attestation given by the College of Preceptors is very useful as far as it goes, but it has not the weight of an attestation from a Government board, 895: such a body might be constituted by a Government selection of a permanent commission, to which existing examining bodies should furnish representatives, 899-900: there is no actually existing body which sufficiently answers the purpose, 901-5: would keep a public register of qualified schoolmasters, 906; would prefer certificates of attain