MUST is also to be considered as a defective auxiliary, for it is regularly compounded with the infinitive, like SHALL, &c.; but its conjugation is alike in all persons and tenses, as

แ

Then must the Jew be merciful.

On what compulsion must I? tell me that."*

"Fade flowers, fade, nature will have it so;
'Tis but what we must in our autumn do."t

Its force goes one step further than the second future of SHALL, but implies an abstract necessity rather than compulsion on the part of another. He shall has so far reference to the speaker, as to imply, that he will himself enforce his command: he must has reference only to the person spoken of, who may be coerced by some circumstance over which the speaker possibly may have no control. It is evident that these two last are not a necessary part of the regular verb, but are merely called in to aid in the expression of circumstances rather than of time.

The following is the conjugation of the perfect auxiliaries.

Το

If I have

HAVE, when compounded with other verbs, or with itself, requires to be followed by the participle past; and thus forms all those subdivisions of past time known in the Latin grammar, as perfectum, and plusquam perfectum, as, I have had or loved, I had had or loved, &c. With the assistance of SHALL, it makes the conditional subjunctive future, as I SHALL HAVE seen him by the time you arrive. If I SHOULD HAVE accomplished it by the specified time. The compound tenses formed with HAVE are

* The imperative mode is made in the other persons with the imperative of the verb to let, joined with a pronoun in the accusative. Let me have,-let him have,-let us have,-let them have.

BE is compounded with both participles: with the participle past it forms the passive voice, as I am loved; with the participle present it forms a very nice modification of

time, implying a continued or unfinished action, as, I am writing; I was writing when he came in. With the verbs come and go it forms a kind of immediate future, as I am going: he is coming; unless the sense be modified by an adverb of time, and then we can say, I am going next year, or the year after next. The tenses compounded with

It should be observed here that must have been has a very

different meaning from must. He must have been ignorant of it--signifies he certainly was ignorant, &c.

Do, like SHALL, is compounded with the infinitive, omitting the preposition to; and was formerly more used than it is at present. Its modern use is confined to questions, as, Do you think so? negations, as, I Do not believe it: entreaty, as, Do write to me: and emphatic assertion, as, I DO really think I DID suppose. In the participle past it has sometimes a peculiar sense, and signifies a completed action, as, I have DONE writing, i. e., I have finished.