The following examples taken from Cicero, Livy, and Cæsar, are free from Transposition and illustrate the above-mentioned order of words in the Simple Sentence, and they should be carefully examined and translated as an Exercise. 1. Natura sensibus rationem adjunxit. Cic. de Fin. 4, 14. Major 36. 4. Animi autem se exercendo levantur. Id. Ibid. 5. Ita enim senectus honesta est. Id. ibid. 38. Cic. Cato 6. At enim cur illi a me potissimum hoc praesidium petiverunt. Civ. Div. in Caecil. 4, 15. 7. Pythagoras multas regiones barbarorum pedibus obiit. de Fin. 5, 29. 8. Sed (nos) ad instituta redeamus. Cic. Brutus 61. Cic. 9. Quis Dionem doctrinis omnibus expolivit? Cic. de Orat. 3, 34, 139. 10. Societas hominum et aequalitas et justitia per se expetenda Cic. de Leg. 18. sunt. 11. Brevitas tuarum litterarum me quoque breviorem in scribendo facit. Cic. Epist. ad Div. 12, 9. 12. Ita nationes multae atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Cic. pro Leg. Man. 9. 13. Quare (ego) sic tibi eum commendo. Cic. Epist. ad Div. 13, 71. 14. Civitates autem omnes vestrum auxilium exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem coguntur. Cic. pro Leg. Man. 5. 15. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium regnum appetentem occupatum interemit. Cic. Cato Major. 16. 16. Romani veteres peregrinum regem aspernabantur. Livy 1, 17. 17. Hannibal cum reliquis copiis Pyrenaeum transgreditur. Id. 21, 24. 18. Sp. Servilius, fervidi animi vir, periculum audacia discussit. Id. 2, 52. 19. Vel magistri equitum secures dictatoris horrere solent. Id. 22,27 20. Multa igitur blandimenta plebi per id tempus ab senatu data sunt. Id. 2, 9. 21. Utrinque legati fere sub idem tempus ad res repetendas missi sunt. Id. 1, 22. 22. P. Valerius inde T. Herminium cum modicis copiis ad secundum lapidem Gabina via occultum considere jubet. Id. 2, 11. 23. Tum consularis exercitus egregia pugna consulis vulnus ultus est. Id. 3, 5. 24. Itaque Equi ab Eeetranis Volscis praesidium petiere. Id. 3, 4. 25. Vis Sabinorum ingens prope ad moenia urbis infesta populatione venit. Id. 3, 26. 26. Nemo aut miles aut eques ad Pompeium transierat. Cæs. B. G. 3, 61. 27. Milites aggerem altum pedes octoginta exstruxerunt. Cæs. B. G. 7, 24. 28. Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat. Cæs. B. G. 1, 9. * The words, "Societas et aequalitas et justitia," form a Complex Subject. The Position of the Subject. 1. Everything logically connected with the Subject must be placed in close connection with it, as in the following examples. The short Circumstantive Entheses and Relative clauses employed in these examples may be considered as Adjuncts not constituting Compound sentences. a. Ii, vagi, dissipato agmine fugientes, in Quinctium victorem cum saucio consule revertentem incidere. Livy 3, 5. b. Appius, inter patres lectus, haud ita dignationem pervenit. Id. 2, 16. multo post in principum c. Romani, Hannibale vivo, nunquam se sine insidiis existimabant. Nepos Hann. 12. d. Democritus, luminibus amissis, alba et atra discernere non poterat. Cic. Tusc. Disp. 5, 39. e. Itaque M. Scaurus, qui Cn. Dolabellam accusavit, istum in sua potestate tenuit. Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 97. f. Ager Tarquiniorum, qui inter urbem et Tiberim fuit, consecratus Marti, Martius deinde Campus fuit. Livy 2, 5. 2. As has been shown, the Subject with the words that qualify it normally stands at the Beginning of a sentence; but as Transposition is often resorted to for the sake of logical or rhetorical emphasis, the Subject frequently requires a striking position to gain emphasis itself, or it cedes its position to render either the Object or other words emphatic. This is especially the case when the Subject has been already mentioned in a preceding sentence. The most striking position is that furthest removed from the ordinary one, that is to say, the End instead of the Beginning of a sentence. The following are examples of the Subject in a striking position to gain great emphasis: a. Cui non sunt auditae Demosthenis vigiliae? Cic. in Pis. 1. b. Ad quem fruendum etiam invitat Senectus. Cic. Cato Major 16. c. Cernitur in delectu bonorum et malorum justitia. Cic. de Fin. 5, 23. d. Legendus mihi saepius est Cato Major. Cic. ad Att. 14, 21. The following are examples of the Subject ceding its usual position when already expressed in a preceding sentence : a. A. Cluentius causam dicit. Si obtinuerit causam Cluentius omnes existimabunt obtinuisse propter innocentiam. Cic. pro Clu. 57. b. Soror nomine sponsum mortuum appellat. Movet feroci juveni animum comploratio sororis in victoria sua. Livy 1, 26. The following are examples of the Subject ceding its usual position to the Object or to other words requiring emphasis or prominence :a. Ciceronem universa civitas consulem declaravit. Cic. in Pis. 1. b. Nuncium dimissum legati Romam secuti sunt. Livy 2, 13. c. Bono te animo populus Romanus dicere existimavit. Cic. pro Lege Man. 19. d. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo ego vehementissime dissentio. Id. ibid. 20. e. Mea sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio socius adscribitur. Id. ibid. 19. f. Desiderio Romuli populus Romanus regem flagitare non destitit. Cic. Rep. 2, 12. To secure emphasis or lucidity, the Object also often cedes its normal position, which is in the middle of a sentence, for one at the End or at the Beginning, as in the following examples: a. Atheniensium civitas doctrina praestabat omnes. Nepos Att. 3. b. Imposuistis in cervicibus nostris sempiternum dominum. Cic. N. D. 1, 20. c. Lentulus attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, ceteros cives interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam Catilinae. Cic. Cat. 4, 6. d. Metellum multi filii in rogum imposuerunt. Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1, 35. e. Hunc (Mithridatem) in illo timore et fuga Tigranes excepit. Cic. pro Lege Man. 9. f. Legem doctissimi viri Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam. Cic. de Leg. 1, 16. g. Me frequentissimus senatus una voce revocavit. Cic. in Pis. 15. Adjectives and dependent Genitives usually follow their Substantives, as, vir bonus-tribunus plebis, but if they are emphatic or give a specific meaning to an Adjective or other word, they precede, as, legis auctor-Magnus ille Alexander. Substantives having a Genitive that belongs to them all usually all follow or precede it, as in the following examples :a. Honestum positum est in animi cura atque cogitatione. Cic. de Off. 1, 23. b. Te abundare oportet praeceptis institutisque philosophiae. Cic. de Off. 1, 15. So also several Genitives depending on one Substantive all follow or precede it, as in the following examples: a. Illud honestum animi efficitur non corporis viribus. Cic. de Off. 1, 23. b. Ne hostis quidem 'et potentis et bellum inferentis interitum approbavit. Cic. de Off. 1, 13. When an Adjective qualifies a Substantive with a dependent Genitive, it stands first, and is followed by the Genitive, as, Constans omnium fama. Closely connected words are only separated for the sake of emphasis, as in the following examples : - a. Propter summam et doctoris auctoritatem et urbis. Cic. de Off. 1, 1. b. Quod et aetati tuae esset aptissimum et auctoritati meae. Cic. de Off. 1, 2. Attributes acquire emphasis by being separated from their noun, as, In miseriam nascimur sempiternam. Contrasted words, different cases of the same words, and words having a common derivation. gain effectiveness by juxtaposition, as in the following examples:— a. Ex bello tam tristi laeta repente pax cariores Sabinas viris fecit. Liry 1, 14. b. Ut ad senem senex de senectute sic hoc libro ad amicum amicissimus de amicitia seripsi. Cic. de Am. 1. c. Qui alii aliunde eoibant. Livy 44, 12, 3. Quisque is placed in juxtaposition with suus and the cases of sui, as in the following examples: a. Suo cuique judicio est utendum. Cic. Nat. D. 3, 1. b. Pro se quisque ad populum loquebatur. Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27. Words in apposition to a noun follow it when they convey a subordinate idea, and precede it when emphasis is required, as, Quintus Mucius, augur-sapientissimus rex, Philippus. The Use and Position of Prepositions. A Preposition may govern several words when they express one single idea, or when they are considered as connected in thought or time; but if the Substantives represent things distinct in thought or in any way separated, the Preposition must be repeated. The following are examples: a. Neque enim de sicariis. veneficis, testamentariis, furibus, hoe loco disserendum est. Cic. de Off. 3, 18. b. Deinceps de ordine rerum et temporum opportunitate dicendum est. Ibid. 1, 40. c. Ita neque ex portu, neque ex decumis, neque ex scriptura vectigal conservari potest. Cic. pro Lege Man. 1, 6, 15. d. Fit enim ut magis in aliis cernamus quam in nobismetipsis. si quid delinquitur. Cic. de Off. 1, 41. A Preposition frequently follows its case to prevent the Relative or Demonstrative from being separated from its Antecedent, as in the following examples:: a. Si turpe existimas illum ipsum, quem contra veneris causa cadere. Cic. pro Mur. 4, 9. b. Quod propter studium, quum Sophocles videretur rem negligere familiarem, in judicium vocatus est. Cic. de Sen. 7, 22. Qualifying words forming an essential part of the word governed by a preposition may stand between that preposition and its case, as, de bene beateque vivendo. A preposition also often stands between an Adjective or Pronoun and its Substantive, as, gravi de causa-qua de re-quam ob rem. On the Position of Adverbs. Adverbs usually stand immediately before the Adjective, Verb, or Adverb, qualified, as in the following examples :— a. In quo vitio latissimè patet avaritia. Cic. de Off. 1, 7. b. Res fortasse verae, certe graves. Cic. de Fin. 4, 3, 7. But when emphasis is required the Adverb occupies a peculiar or prominent position, as in the following examples : a. Nec vero corpori soli subveniendum est, sed menti atque animo multo magis. Cic. Cat. Maj. 11. b. Quae in nostris rebus non satis honestè in amicorum fiunt honestissime. Cic. Lael. 16. c. Diligentissime semper illum diem solitus es obire. Ibid. 2. |