Hence

Negative forms are stamped on the sentence at once. we find nec vero, nec unquam, nec quisquam, in preference to Et non vero, et nunquam, et nemo, &c. The following are examples :

a. Noli sapiens esse nostro periculo. Cic. pro Mur. 8.

b. Nec vero segetibus solum res rusticae laetae sunt. Cic. Cat. Maj. 15.

c. Nunquam nec majus aes alienum fuit nec melius dissolutum. Cic. de Off. 2, 24.

NOTE. For the sake of emphasis ante and prius are separated from quam and the Demonstrative from its Relative. Demonstrative pronouns precede their substantives unless close connexion with the Relative be required, as, nunquam qui iratus accedet ad poenam mediocritatem illam tenebit, quae est inter nimium et parum. Cic. de Off. 1, 25,

The Position of the Verb.

As has already been shown, the End of the Sentence is normally occupied by the Verb, which generally contains the Main Predication and combines the whole proposition. This order is often observed through long paragraphs, as in the passage from the 40th chapter of the 9th book of Livy, commencing thus-Et Romani quidem ad honorem deum insignibus armis hostium usi sunt, and ending in chapter 41 thus-Secuti Marsorum defectionem Peligni eandem fortunam habuerunt. The student should refer to the above passage.

But the Verb cedes its position for several reasons, as follows::

1. To secure harmony or rhythm, and to prevent a PRECIPITATE, especially in the Compound sentence and the Period. Examples are given in the chapters on the Period. See page 131.

2. To gain peculiar importance for the Verb itself, as in the following examples :

a. Fortes sunt habendi non qui faciunt sed qui propulsant injuriam. Cic. de Off. 1, 21.

b. Quamobrem disces a principe philosophorum et disces quamdiu voles. Ibid. 1, 1.

3. To give emphasis to a word which would not have it in the middle of the sentence, as in the following examples:

a. Corioli oppidum captum est a Marcio. Livy 2, 23.

b. Demosthenes corona aurea 'donatus est virtutis ergo. Cic. de opt. gen. Or. 7.

c. Anguis Sullae apparuit immolanti.

Cic. Div. 2, 30.

d. Ennius equi fortis et victoris senectuti comparat suam.

Cic. Cat. Maj. 5.

e. Regulus non debuit conditiones bellicas perturbare perjurio. Cic. de Off. 1, 29.

f. Contempsi Catilinae gladios, pertimescam tuos ? Cic. Phil. 2, 46.

4. To secure antithesis and point by means of the figure Xiaouós (chiasmus), which is an inversion of the order of the words in parallel phrases, as follows:

a. Aedes pestilentes sint, habeantur salubres. Cic. de Off. 3, 13. b. Patriae salutem anteponet saluti patris. Ibid. 23.

c. Itaque videas rebus injustis justos maxime dolere. Id. Lael. 13, 47.

5. To secure directness of expression, in explanatory clauses connected by enim or autem, the Verb generally stands first, as follows:

a. Est enim ulciscendi et puniendi modus. Cic. de Off. 1, 11. b. Conveniet autem in dando munificum esse. Ibid. 2, 28.

6. And also to prevent the separation of closely-connected words, as, Existunt saepe injuriae calumniâ quadam et nimis callidâ sed malitiosâ juris interpretatione. Cic. de Off. 1, 10.

N.B.-A similar order of words is applicable to the Compound Sentence and the Period, viz :

1. The SUBJECT. 2, Words or clauses defining time, place, motive, instrument, or means. 3. The word or clause expressing the REMOTER OBJECT-i.e., the person or thing for which anything is done. 4. The word or clause expressing the NEARER or IMMEDIATE OBJECT. 5. The PRINCIPAL VERB.

It will be seen from the above remarks that while the moment of thought or emphasis must be clearly shown by the structure of the sentence, and that although words logically connected in thought are not separated in writing, yet owing to the Transpositive character of the Latin language such concessions to harmony and rhythm are possible as to produce an admirable union between logic and sound.

UNITY AND LUCIDITY OF
LUCIDITY OF EXPRESSION.

The arrangement of sentences in Latin literature is specially distinguished by UNITY AND LUCIDITY OF EXPRESSION. But, owing to the wide difference between the construction of English and Latin sentences and their arrangement, the Latin Prose of beginners is always obscure and marked by a close imitation of the English idiom. To secure UNITY AND LUCIDITY OF EXPRESSION, the directions numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 on this and the next three pages must be carefully observed by the Student.

1. The SUBJECT must remain, as far as possible, in the same case throughout the Sentence or Period, as in the subjoined examples :

a. He asked me what I thought, and I made no reply.

Rogatus or roganti quid sentirem, nihil respondi.

b. These words stung the soldiers, and they are led back into the camp. His vocibus irritatus miles in castra reducitur.

c. Hannibal allowed him to quit the camp, but he came back shortly afterwards, because he said that he had forgotten something.

Quum Hannibalis permissu exiisset de castris, rediit paulo post, quod se oblitum nescio-quid diceret.

2. The introduction of several independent Subjects in the same Sentence or Period must be avoided. This is done by throwing the Clauses expressing the Time, Condition, or Means of accomplishing the main action into the ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE, or by introducing them in Subordinate Clauses by the aid of suitable Conjunctions, as in the following examples

a. That request was obtained, and they threw themselves at Cæsar's feet. Ea re impetratá, Cæsari ad pedes sese projecere.

b. The plan was universally approved, and the consul was entrusted with the execution of it.

Cunctis rem approbantibus, negotium consuli datur.

c. His friends asked him whether he wished to be taken away to Clazomenae, and he said, "There is no need."

Quaerentibus amicis velletne Clazomenas auferri—“nihil necesse" inquit.

Further Examples of Direction 2, by which the Introduction of several Independent Subjects in the same Sentence or Period is avoided.

d. The augur's staff was then transferred to his left hand, the right hand was placed on the head of Numa, and then he made this prayer.

Tum lituo in laevam manum translato, dextrá in caput Numae imposita, precatus est ita. Livy 1, 18.

e. He said this, and struck the pig with a flint-stone.

Id ubi dixit, porcum saxo silice percussit. Id. Ibid. 24.

f. Cacus tried to prevent him by force, as he came to the cave, but he was struck by his club, and, calling in vain on the protection of the shepherds, he fell dead.

Quem, quum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus clavá, fidem pastorum nequicquam invocans, morte occubuit. Id. Ibid. 7.

g. Labienus heard of the death of Sabinus, but he feared that he should be unable to withstand the attack of the enemy, supposing he set out from his winter-quarters in a way that resembled a flight.

Labienus, interitu Sabini cognito, veritus ne, si ex hibernis fugae similem profectionem fecisset, hostium impetum sustinere non posset, literas Cæsari remittit. Cæs. B. G. 5, 47.

h. The following privilege falls to the lot of the philosopher alone; he does nothing against his will, nothing with pain, nothing under coercion.

Soli hoc contingit sapienti, ut nihil faciat invitus, nihil dolens, nihil coactus. Cic. Par. 5, 34.

i. Cæsar approved of his policy. Although he had been reduced to two brigades through disappointment in his expectation of three, he still placed the only means of serving the general safety in swift action.

Cæsar, consilio ejus probato, etsi opinione trium legionum dejectus, ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat. Cæs. B. G. 5, 48.

Notes.

The Student should particularly notice FIRSTLY,-how, in the above examples illustrating Directions 1 and 2, on this and the preceding page, SUBORDINATE SENTENCES are always used, and not, as in English, Coordinate ones. SECONDLY, how the ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE stands for a Subordinate Clause, and consequently the sUBJECT or OBJECT of the Principal Sentence is not placed in the Ablative Absolute Clause. THIRDLY, how Pronouns are frequently omitted in Latin where the English Sentence requires them; and, FOURTHLY, how very useful such Conjuctions as quum, ubi, postquam and others, aided by Participial construction Attributive and Absolute, are to express frequent changes in statements of time, and to unite in a single period without loss of lucidity, what an English historian would be compelled to relate in a succession of coordinate sentences or by means of several periods.

Examples of Directions 3 and 4.

3. When an Oblique case of one sentence becomes the Subject of the next, such change of Subject must be marked by the introduction of a Pronoun, as in the following examples :

a. The officers of the king fled: the king himself was slain as he returned home in an almost lifeless state.

Fit fuga REGIS apparitorum: IPSE (rex) prope exsanguis, quum domum se reciperet, interficitur. Livy 1, 48.

b. The Latin general sent for a body of Roman exiles, because he saw that his own men were panic-stricken. This body restored the battle for a short time, inasmuch as they fought with greater fury on account of the loss of their country.

Latinus dux, quia suos perculsos videbat, arcessit COHORTEM exsulum Romanorum. Es (cohors), quod majore pugnabat ira ob patriam ademptam pugnam parumper restituit. Id. 2, 19.

4. When the Subject is the same for the Principal sentence and the Subordinate clauses it requires a prominent position at the head of the Period, and its qualifying clauses should follow immediately so that only one mention of the Subject be necessary. The following are examples :

a. By gliding out of a wooden pillar, a snake caused dismay and filled even the king's breast with anxious solicitude.

ANGUIS, ex columna lignea elapsus, quum terrorem fecisset, ipsius regis pectus anxiis implevit curis. Id. 1, 56.

b. Servius had now acquired a right to the kingdom. But as he heard expressions thrown out by Tarquin to the effect that he held the crown without the national consent, he first secured the goodwill of the commons and then ventured to propose to the people this question—" Whether they chose him as king?”

SERVIUS, quanquam jam regnum possederat, tamen, quia jactari voces a Tarquinio audiebat, se injussu populi regnare, conciliatá prius voluntate plebis, ausus est ferre ad populum-"vellentne se regnare ?" Id. 1, 46.

Notes.

1. The Student should notice how in the above examples, and in those under Direction 5 on the following page, the Subject precedes the Conjunction and comes in the Principal sentence, not as in English after the Conjunction, and in a sentence of Time or Cause.

2. The examples under 4 on this page, and under 6 on the next, are the best to imitate, for there is comparatively less distinctness and unity of expression about the others, and some doubt might be felt whether a Demonstrative pronoun should be employed or a Reflexive one.