3

OXFORD, 1860.

'Marius had just landed with a few of his men, when an officer came and thus addressed him : "Marius, I come from the prætor Sextilius, to tell you that he forbids you to set foot in Africa. If you obey not, he will support the senate's decree, and treat you as a public enemy." 4 Marius, upon hearing this, was struck dumb with grief and indignation. He uttered not a word for some time, but stood regarding the officer with a menacing aspect. 5 At length the officer asked him what answer he should carry to the governor. "Go and tell him," said the unfortunate man with a sigh, "that thou hast seen the exile Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage."

Notes.

1 The object often cedes its normal position to secure emphasis. Here, it certainly would be better at the head of the sentence than in the middle. Paraphrase thus: Marius (accus.) who had just then (jam tum) gone forth from the ship, an officer (praefectus) approaching (adeo), thus addressed :

2 In Latin this must be veni or adsum; and "from" should be explained by missus, commissioned. Among verbs of preventing, veto usually takes ne; and prohibeo both ne and quominus.

3 "Obey not" might well be rendered by recusare; and to support by teneo. "A public enemy" is perduellis. See Cic.

Off. 1, 12.

4 To avoid repetition of the subject, connect the two sentences and paraphrase thus: Marius, when he had heard these (words), becoming speechless (obmutesco) with grief and full of indignation (indignabundus), for some time (parumper) having spoken not even one word, with menacing look (trūci vultu) stood regarding (aspicio) the officer.

Introduce this sentence by: Cui, quum tandem, and use respondeo after "governor," which may be rendered by proprætor or proconsul. The procurator was an Imperial term.

CAMBRIDGE, 1860.

He 2

1 Some of his flatterers breaking out one day in admiration of his grandeur, exclaimed that everything was possible for him; upon which the monarch, it is said, ordered his chair to be set on the sea-shore, while the tide was rising; and, as the waters approached, he commanded them to retire, and to obey the voice of him who was lord of the ocean. feigned to sit some time in expectation of their submission; 3 but when the sea still advanced towards him, and began to wash him with its billows, he1 turned to his courtiers and remarked to them that every 5 creature in the universe was feeble and impotent, and that power resided with one Being alone, in whose hands were all the elements of nature, who could say to the ocean, 7"Thus far shalt thou go, and no farther;" and who could level with his nod the most towering 8 piles of human pride and ambition.

6

Hume. History of England, Vol. I., p. 137.

Notes.

The Main Predication or Conception consists in what the king did; a Period may, therefore, be thus formed with the subject at the commencement. The king is reported (fertur), when by chance some of (his) flatterers (nonnulli ex assentatoribus) indulging (their) admiration of his grandeur (majestas) had cried out together (conclamo) that he could do all thingsto have ordered (his) chair (sella) to be placed on the shore, as the tide was rising (aestu crescente), and to have commanded that (impero ut) the approaching (allabens) waves in obedience to the word (dicto audientes) of the master of the sea, should recede.

2 No sentence is detached in Latin unless logically disconnected with what precedes; commence therefore with Quo in loco, and paraphrase thus: he sat some time (parumper) as though (tanquam or quasi) he thought that it would come to pass that fore ut) the waves would obey (pareo) him. Place the verb last.

3 Begin a fresh sentence with Quum autem nihilominus.

Turning himself towards (se convertens or conversus in) the flatterers (adulatores) said this (haec). Aulici has not sufficient authority.

5 Omnia animantia will render "every creature in the universe," as animans includes men, animals and plants.

6 Primordia rerum.

Use Eo, nec longius or latius with fluo. To level is aequare solo. Use moles in agreement with exstructus (reared by), and follow with blatives.

OXFORD, 1861.

1 After a great slaughter on both sides, and a brave resistance made by Epaminondas, they saw him, (wounded with a dart,) fall to the ground. 2 This sad accident at first somewhat discouraged the Bootians; but still they resisted, and did not quit the field till they had utterly routed the enemy. Epaminondas 3 finding himself mortally wounded, and knowing that, should the dart be pulled out, he must immediately die, kept it in, until they told him that his army had gained the victory. "Then," says he, "I have lived long enough; for I now die unconquered." So the iron being drawn out, he forthwith expired.

Notes.

1 Paraphrase thus: The Boeotians, a great slaughter on both sides having been made, saw Epaminondas himself, fighting bravely, struck by a dart (jaculo percussus) fall down (concido). Place the verb for "saw" last.

2 Paraphrase thus: Although they were affected somewhat by this (aliquantum commoveo) unfortunate accident (miser casus), they nevertheless sustained the attack of the enemy, nor did they quit the field (pugnâ excedere) before that they utterly routed them (funditus fugare).

3 Render-since he perceived that he had received a fatal (mortiferus) wound, and, at the same time, if he should have drawn out the dart, that he would immediately die (statim efflo animam), kept it in (retineo) until it was announced that the Boeotians had conquered.

N.B. Dum, donec and quoad (until) take the Indicative of definite time, and a Subjunctive of undefined time, or when a Purpose is implied.

Extemplo or confestim examinari.

CAMBRIDGE, 1861.

1 The summer was far advanced; Hannibal had overrun the greater part of Italy, the meadows of the Clitumnus and the Vulturnus, and the forest glades of the high Apennines, had alike seen their cattle driven away by the invading army; 2the Falernian plain and the plain of Sulmo had alike yielded their tribute of wine and oil; but not a single city had as yet opened its gates to the conqueror, not a single state of Samnium had welcomed 3 him as its champion, under whom it might revenge its old wrongs against Rome. Hannibal's experiment had therefore hitherto failed. But among his greatest qualities was the patience with which he knew how to abide his time; if one campaign had failed of its object, another must be tried, if the fidelity of the Roman allies had been unshaken by the disaster of Thrasymenus, it must be tried by a defeat yet more fatal.—Arnold.

Notes.

1 The Main Predication is contained in the words: "Hannibal had overrun the greater part of Italy." Avoid the introduction of several subjects, subordinate the clauses by means of the abl. abs.; let Hannibal stand at the head of the period, and close it with the principal verb, pervagari. "The summer was far advanced may be rendered by aestate prope exactâ; and the rest thus paraphrased: the flocks having been driven by the invading (ingruens) army, before the eyes of the farmers (coloni) from the meadows, etc.

2 This sentence may be introduced by Quanquam or etsi, and be followed by tamen in the next. Afferre may be used for to yield as a product.

3 Accipere aliquem ut vindicem is to welcome anyone as champion.

Say-might avenge itself on (ulciscor) the Romans for old wrongs (pro veteribus injuriis); inceptum irritum is an experiment that fails; belli eventum exspectare, to bide his time; expeditio, a campaign; malè geri, to fail of its object; and manere in fide, to remain unshaken.

5

OXFORD, 1862.

*We wage war in Italy, in our own settlements and land. All places 2 around us are full of citizens and allies; they assist, and will assist us with arms, men, horses, and provisions; they have already given that proof of their fidelity in our adversity. Time and experience will make us more cautious and more steady. Hannibal, on the other hand, is in a foreign and an enemy's land, among all things unfriendly and 7 hostile, far from his home, far from his country. He has neither peace by land or sea; for no fortresses, no cities, will receive him; he sees nothing anywhere his own; he lives on what he can plunder from day to day.

Notes.

This passage being a mere enunciation of details is unsuitable for the formation of Periods, and, therefore, the Co-ordinate and Detached style may be admitted.

1 Sedes are settlements. Say-which lie around.

The Relative may be used with advantage here. Commeatus means "provisions," both in the singular and plural.

Introduce by jam enim.

5 Use talis or hic with indicium or specimen for "that proof." Argumentum is more what confirms an assertion, or it is a subject or theme.

6 As there is Antithesis between us and Hannibal, the object nos should occupy a more prominent position, thus: Nos quidem at the commencement of the one sentence will be contrasted with Hannibal autem at the commencement of the other. 7 Infestus is often used for "hostile" in this sense.

8 In pace esse, not pacem habere, is to have peace; usquam is "anywhere ;" and in diem rapto vivere, to live on plunder from day to day.