CAMBRIDGE, 1862.

1

The

*Then ensued a 1 scene of woe, the like of which no eye had seen, no heart conceived, and which no tongue can adequately tell. All 2 the horrors of war before known or heard of were mercy to that new havoc. A 3 storm of fire blasted every field, consumed every house, destroyed every temple. miserable inhabitants, flying from their flaming villages, in part were slaughtered; others, without regard to age, to sex, to the respect of rank, or sacredness of function, were swept into captivity in an unknown and hostile land. Those who were able to 5 evade this tempest, fled to the walled cities; but escaping from fire, sword, and exile, they fell into the jaws of famine. Burke.

Notes.

*This passage is more difficult, owing to the want of abstract words and terms in Latin. This want compelled Latin writers to make a wide use of such words as res and ratio, or Pronouns and Adjectives depending greatly on the general sense of the passage.

Avoid scena, which means a stage, and paraphrase thus: These things a spectacle followed, so mournful (adeo luctuosus) that the like (simile) no one had ever seen, no one had conceived (animo fingere), no one had adequately represented (satis verbis depingere).

2 This sentence may be thus paraphrased: Whatever horrible things (atrox) anyone had ever himself seen before in war, whatever (things) he had heard of from others, those things (ea) compared with (prae) the new havoc (vastatio) seemed absolutely gentle (prorsus mitis). Place the verb last. Greater emphasis is secured by the Correlative construction, as it is in the first sentence by the figure Anaphora, consisting in the repetition of nemo, "no one.

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3 Procella may be used. consume; delere, to destroy.'

Torrere is to blast; comburere to

Partim is "in part;" sine discrimine, followed by genitives, "without regard to age or sex;" observantia dignitatis is "respect of rank;" sanctitas muneris, "sacredness of function ;" and capti with rapior, and in with accus. of subst. and suitable adjectives, will render the rest.

5 Evadere is good with e or ex.

[of war.

6 Use quum with effugio. Cicero uses belli fauces, for the jaws

OXFORD, 1863.

1 All the people of Collatia were moved, and the men took up arms, and they set a guard at the gates, that none might go out to carry the tidings to Tarquinius, and they followed Lucius to Rome. There, too,2 all the people came together, and the crier summoned them to assemble before the tribune of the Celeres, for Lucius held that office. And Lucius spoke to them of all the tyranny of Tarquinius and his sons, and of the wicked deed of Sextus. And the people in their curiæ took back from Tarquinius the kingly power which they had given him, and they banished him and all his family.

Notes.

3

1 A Period may be formed of these sentences, and the awk. ward Co-ordination avoided, thus: The Collatine people, moved by these things, when they had taken up arms, and had set (colloco) a guard at the gates, that no one might announce that to Tarquin, all followed Lucius to Rome. Ne must be used in Prohibitive and Final Construction; therefore, ne quis not ut nemo, for "that none.

2 Use quum, ubi or postquam, and populum, instead of eos as Object to the verb for ", summoned." To summon anyone to assemble before is advocare aliquem ad aliquem. The genitive of Celeres is Celerum, not Celerium. An office is munus or magistratus; a duty is officium.

3 One Period may be formed of this and the sentences following to the end of the passage by commencing with Populus as the subject, and following with the abl. abs., thus: A speech having been delivered (habitus) by Lucius, about the tyranny (superbia) of Tarquin and his sons, and about the wicked deed (atrox facinus) of Sextus, took back from him (abrogare aliquid alicui) and with all his family (cum conjuge ac liberis), banished (him).

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CAMBRIDGE, 1863.

Truth is always consistent with itself, and needs nothing to help it out; it is always near at hand, and sits upon our lips, and is ready to drop out before we are aware; 2 whereas a lie is troublesome, and sets a man's invention on the rack, and one trick needs a great many more to make it good. It is like building upon a false foundation, which constantly stands in need of props to shore it up, and proves at last more chargeable than to have raised a substantial building at first upon a true and solid foundation; 5 for sincerity is firm and substantial, and there is nothing hollow or unsound in it; and because it is plain and open, fears no discovery.

Notes.

Spectator.

1 Sibi constare is to be consistent with itself; egere or opus esse qua re is to need; carere is to be without, or to lack; vacare is to be void of, free from; in ore means upon the lips; and excidere is often used for to drop or slip out involuntarily.

2 A Period may be formed thus: A lie, however, (quae autem falsa sunt) not only troubles (molestiâ afficit) us, but also causes us to be (efficio with ut) uncertain what cunning we are to devise (astutiam machinor), so that by it (quâ) that guile (iste dolus) may be corroborated (confirmo).

3 Paraphrase thus: And, indeed, those do the same, for whom, when they have built a house, it is necessary to constantly to shore up with props (adminiculis fulcire) an unstable (parum stabile) foundation. Place the Infinitive last.

4 Begin a fresh sentence with Quo fit ut; and paraphrase thus: "those who at first raise a substantial building" (validum exstruere aedificium) on a firm and solid foundation, incur less expense (minor sumptus facio).

5 Begin with Quod enim sincerum est, id "substantial," may be rendered by verus or germanus; "hollow" by fictus or simulatus; "unsound" by pravus; and "plain" by simplex.

OXFORD, 1864.

1On the very evening while the council deliberated on his fate, Edwin was sitting alone in the dark at the gate of the palace, when a friendly voice whispered in his ear that it was time to flee, for the king had given his assent to the demands of his enemy. "I have 2 known too much misery," replied the prince, "to be anxious for life. If I must die, no death can be more acceptable than that which is inflicted by royal treachery." He remained in the same place musing on his melancholy situation, when a favourable dream, 5 which had considerable influence on his subsequent conduct, afforded him a faint gleam of hope.

Notes.

1 Paraphrase thus: Whilst the prince, on the very (ipse) day on which it was being deliberated in council about his fate (salus), was sitting alone at evening (primis tenebris) at the gates of the palace (regia), a friend advised in (his) ear (ad aurem or in aure admoneo with ut) that he should flee in time (mature), for that the king had yielded to his enemy's demands.

2 I have already been so involved in (adeo with versor) miseries that I do not care to live.

3 Gratus is "acceptable;" to inflict death on anyone is mortem inferre alicui.

4 Render-thinking to himself (meditans) in what misfortunes he laboured. (Use quibus in, not in quibus.)

5 Paraphrase thus: Since it had had considerable influence (nonnihil momenti) in deciding (ad statuendum) what procedure (ratio) he should adopt (ineo), afforded him a gleam of hope (spes tenuis or specula).

CAMBRIDGE, 1864.

The valiant king of Bohemia,1 for all that he was nigh blind, when he understood the order of battle, said to them about him, "Where is the Lord Charles, my son ?" 2 His men said, "Sir, we cannot tell, we think he be fighting." Then he said: "Sirs, ye are my men, my companions and friends in this journey; I require you to bring3 me so far forward that I may strike one stroke with my sword." They said they would do his commandment; and to the intent that they should not lose him in the press, they tied all the reins of their bridles each to other, and set the king before,5 to accomplish his desire, and so they went on their enemies.

Lord Berners' Froissart's Chronicle.

Notes.

1 Bojemi, are the Bohemians; render "for all that" by quum, quanquam or etsi, although; and "the order of battle" by quàm with acies and instruor. A verb of asking is preferable for "said; and egregius ille Carolus may be used "the Lord Charles."

for

2 Paraphrase thus: To whom, when they had denied that they knew, but (said) that they thought that he was fighting, he replied. Do not render "said," which is understood by the figure zeugma, from "denied." "Sirs " may be rendered by Viri, and 66 men by milites.

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3 Promovere is "to bring forward," and it may be followed by dum or donec, until, which take a Subjunctive if the Time be undefined or a Purpose implied. Injicere ictum is to strike a blow.

4 Use Quum for the first clause, and ut for the second, to avoid Co-ordination; dum impetum faciunt will render "in the press;" the next two clauses should be thrown into the abl. abs. to avoid the repetition of “and." Colligare or connectere inter se is to tie to each other.

Ad, with the gerundive of impetro in agreement with optatum, may be used.