4

CAMBRIDGE, 1867.

The spirit of the Treviri, long 1reduced to inactivity by the policy of their conquerors, was broken by one defeat. Their warriors threw away their arms, and 2 dispersed; their chiefs for the most part, hastened to submit. The Vitellian legions, which after joining the standard of Civilis, had been quartered among them, swore of their own accord in the name of Vespasian, but still refrained from offering him their arms, and retired moodily to a distance. At this crisis, there seems to have been some delay in the movements of the Romans. Possibly their forces, collected from such distant quarters, were not yet concentrated.-Merivale.

Notes.

1 Redigere in segnitium is to reduce to inactivity; and consilium, a policy.

2 Diffugere and dilabi are both good for to disperse.

Avoid

3 "For the most part " may either be rendered by plurimi, with e or ex, or by magna or major pars with genitive. submittere, which means to let down or send secretly.

4 Signa sequi or subsequi is to join the standard, disponere, to quarter; and jurare in verba alicujus, to swear allegiance to

anyone.

5 "Moodily" may be rendered by tristis.

6 Quum in hoc discrimen ventum esset, or, quum in id discrimen res adducta esset.

7 Fieri potest ut will render "possibly," and nondum inter se coivisse is to be not yet concentrated.

2

OXFORD, 1868.

3

On the 15th of October we have another epistle, of the following melancholy tenor:-"You ask me respecting the state of the queen's health. We sit sorrowful in the palace all day long, tremblingly waiting the hour when religion and virtue shall quit the earth with her. She so far 4 transcends all human excellence that there is scarcely anything of mortality about her. She can hardly be said to die, but to pass into a nobler existence, which should rather excite our envy than our sorrow. She leaves the world filled with her renown, and is gone to enjoy eternal happiness. I write this between hope and fear, while the breath is still fluttering within her."

Notes.

6

In March, May, July, and October the Nones were on the 7th instead of the 5th, and the Ides on the 15th instead of the 13th. "We have" should be rendered by the verb sum or by accipio. If another of several be meant, use alius, if another of two, alter. "Of the following melancholy tenor' may be thus paraphrased, which intimates (significo) these sad things.

2 Use de with a substantive or quomodo with valeo. Cicero would connect the two sentences together. Notice this example from his Letters to Atticus - Quod autem quaeris, (now as to what you ask me,) quomodo agi placeat, quum dies venerit; primum velim, therefore introduce the sentence, "We sit sorrowful" in a similar manner; and not after a full stop.

3 Render "tremblingly waiting the hour when" by trepido metu exspectantes or opperientes with dum and the mood for Indefinite Time.

4 Use Superare ceteros with the Abl. of an abstract substantive, and vir quidquam mortale with inesse in. There is no objection to ceteros as men are also supposed to be excelled.

5 The Latin idiom is Vix diceres or vix dixeris, one would scarcely say that :-tolli in excelsiorem vitam may be used for "to pass into a nobler existence."

6 Paraphrase thus:- So that we should rather (totius) be affected by, etc. 7 Paraphrase thus :-She indeed is now departing from (discedo e or ex) the world (orbis terrarum) over (per) which her name has been spread (tercrebresco) so that she may enjoy. The English "is gone" is incorrect, as she was not then dead but dying.

8 Use suspensus (doubtful or in suspense) with ablatives.

• Animam agere is to be at the point of death, or to struggle for breath. N.B.-The difficulty of this passage is materially increased by the want of abstract terms in Latin previously alluded to.

CAMBRIDGE, 1868.

The day which gave birth to a city or colony was celebrated by the Romans with such ceremonies as had been ordained by a generous superstition; and although Constantine might omit some rites which 2 savoured too strongly of their pagan origin, yet he was anxious to leave a deep impression of hope and respect on the minds of the spectators. On foot, with a lance in his hand, the emperor himself 4 led the solemn procession, and directed the line which was traced as the boundary of the destined capital, 5 till the growing circumference was observed with astonishment by the assistants, who at length ventured to observe that he had already exceeded the most ample measure of a great city. "I shall still advance," replied Constantine, "till He, the invisible guide who marches before me, thinks proper to stop."-Gibbon.

Notes.

1 To give birth to in this sense is not good in Latin; render thus on which a city had been founded (condo), or a colony led forth (deduco). Ritus are ceremonies; and benefica or benigna, generous." Religio not supersti io should be used. 2 Olere is used by Cicero in this sense. Barbarus may be used for "". 'pagan."

66

3 This sentence may be rendered by animos spectantium spe ac veneratione vehementer commovere.

4 Use participle and verb for "led and directed;" to direct a line is lineam ducere ;" "traced as the boundary" may be rendered by the Relative with fines, and the subj. of terminare.

5 Begin a fresh sentence, and paraphrase thus: When, however, the assistants (ministri), who, astonished, were gazing at (specto) the increasing circuit, had dared to say that the king had already exceeded (exsupero) the extent (latitudo) of cities even most ample, he replied, etc.-aciem oculorum eludens will render "invisible."

OXFORD, 1869.

Orpheus, for the love he bare to his wife, snatched2 from him by untimely death, resolved to go down to hell with his harp, to try if he might obtain her of the infernal powers. Neither 4 were his hopes frustrated; for having 5 appeased them by the melodious sound of his voice, he prevailed at length so far that they granted him leave to take her away with him; but on this condition, that she should follow him, and he not to look back upon her till he came to the light of the upper world.

Notes.

1 The Preposition "for" should be rendered by propter, by reason of, on account of; and "to" by in or erga, and to bear in the above sense by habere.

2 Eripio a morte means to snatch away, i.e., deliver from death. Rapio is only used poetically in the sense above; adimere is to take away without violence. Say, whom untimely (immaturus) death had carried off (tollo).

3 Avoid obtinere, which only means to maintain, keep or obtain after resistance. Paraphrase thus: to try if (si forte) the infernal gods would allow him to recover (recipio) her, or would restore her to him.

4 Introduce this sentence by Neque enim, which particles are very much used together in Latin. Frustrari is only good in a deponent sense; use spes with the Active voice of fallere.

5 Placare is to appease; and canorus, melodious; "sound of " is better not rendered.

6 Render: they were at length induced to (adduco ut) permit him to take her away (aufero) with him, under such (ea) con dition that he should not (ne) look back upon (respicio) her following behind, until (dum, donec or quoad, with the Mood for Indefinite Time), the light of the sun being seen, he arrived upon (pervenio in) the earth. Place the verb last. Superus is poetical.

CAMBRIDGE, 1869.

1The spirit of his soldiers was revived by this seasonable reinforcement; and they again marched with confidence to surprise the camp of a despot, whose principal officers appeared to distrust either the justice or the success of his arms. In 2 the heat

of the battle, a violent tempest, such as is often felt among the Alps, suddenly arose from the East. 3 The army of Theodosius was sheltered by their position from the impetuosity of the wind, which blew a cloud of dust in the faces of the enemy, disordered their ranks, wrested their weapons from their hands, and diverted or repelled their ineffectual javelins. This accidental advantage was skilfully improved; the violence of the storm was magnified by the superstitious terrors of the Gauls; and they yielded without shame to the invisible powers of heaven, who seemed to militate on the side of the pious emperor.

Notes.

A Latin period may be formed thus:- His soldiers, their spirits having been revived (recreare) by this timely reinforcement (supplementum), confidently hastened (their) march (contendere with iter) so that they might surprise (opprimere) the camp of a despot (tyrannus), whose chief officers (præfecti summi) seemed to be doubting whether he was waging war unjustly or unsuccessfully (minus prosperè). Place the Verb last.

N.B.-If the verb "hastened" with its clause came at the end of this Period, there would be a "Precipitate" or awkward accumulation of Finite Verbs, which may be avoided by making the Principal Verb precede, as above, a Substantival, Final, or Consecutive clause.

2 Primo pugnæ impetu means "in the heat of the battle,” and flans ab ortu solis, from the East."

3 Make Locus ipse the subject and use tueri with contra for "to shelter from," paraphrase the next clause thus: dust having been collected by a contrary blast (adverso flatu), help out the rest by non solum before "disordered' (turbo) and." wrested" (extorqueo), and follow with sed etiam before "diverted" (deflecto) and "repelled" (retardo). "Ineffectual" is irritus.

Arrange thus to suit the Latin :- The general, having met with (nactus) this opportunity (occasio) offered by chance, by skilfully (peritè) exaggerating the force of the storm, managed that (efficio with ut) the Gauls, terrified by superstition, nor affected by shame, should yield to the Divine power (numen) which eluding (their) eyes, seemed to fight in defence of (pro) the pious (sanctus) emperor. Place the Verb and Infinitive at the end.