CHAP. 21.-§ 1. monte, Mount Tauffrin.

ipsius, Caesaris.

qualis, qui, misit: note the inverted clause order.

in circuitu, in its circuit;' i.e. on its opposite side, as Cacsar wished to attack the enemy also in the rear by sending men to ascend the heights from behind.

§ 2. ducibus, 'as guides.'

sui consilii, partitive genitive. Latin Primer, § 130.

§ 4. rei militaris, a genitive of relation after words which signify skill, etc. Latin Primer, § 132.

in M. Crassi exercitu. [The sequel shows that Considius mistook Labienus and his men for Gauls.]

PAGE 17.

CHAP. 22.-§ 1. ipse, 'while he.' Caesar's rapid and vigorous style omits unnecessary words.

§ 2. equo admisso, at the gallop.'

voluerit, Caesar; representing voluisti of oratio recta.

a, 'by means of;' a rare use of this preposition. insignibus, 'accoutrements.'

83. ipsius, Caesaris.

nisi: could si non be substituted?

§ 4. multo die: cp. 26. 3, ad multam noctem. Multus (sing.) = 'many a,' is poetical.

§ 5. quo consuerat intervallo, at his wonted distance,' of five or six Roman miles; cp. 15 (end).

milia passuum. In such statements of distance Caesar generally uses the acc. if a verb be also expressed, except intervallo and spatio, which are always in the ablative; cp. 43. 1..

CHAP. 23.-§ 1. biduum supererat cum, 'only two days were wanting to the time when,' etc. metiri, active, cp. 16. 5.

milium passuum xviii: the genitive depends upon spatio understood; so bidui abesse.

§ 2. fugitivi, 'runaway slaves;' perfugae, 'desorters.

PAGE 18.

§ 3. existimarent, confiderent: should be indicative, but are attracted by the surrounding oratio obliqua into the subjunctive. eo quod, because.' intercludi posse, Romanos. novissimo agmine, 'our rear.'

CHAP. 24.-§ I. id, object after animum advertit = animadvertit. Only the neuter pronoun may be so used.

animum adverto is the usual form of the word in Plautus, Terence, and Sallust; elsewhere contracted for the most part to animadverto.

Caesar is in a rather unusual place, not first in the sentence. collem, nearly W. of Bibracte.

subducit, historic present, representing a protracted operation: misit, perfect, an instantaneous action; [or it may perhaps be that misit is attracted into the perfect by sustineret in the subordinate clause.]

§ 2. collis medius, 'the hill half-way up.'

[ita uti supra fecerat; but the clause is not genuine.]

83. summo iugo: i.e. the table-land at the top.

proxime, 'very recently.' totum montem, from half-way up to the top.

his, 'these' already mentioned two legions; so not eis.

§ 5. ipsi, opposed to the impedimenta.

confertissima acie, abl. of instrument.

reiecto equitatu phalange facta. The two ablatives absolute are not coordinated by any conjunction, because one is really subordinate to the other: upon the repulse of the horse the phalanx was formed. [The phalanx of the Helvetii resembled more or less the ovvaσrioμós of the Greeks; the shields locked together formed a complete covering to the advancing line.]

CHAP. 25.-§ 1. Cp. Plutarch, Caesar, 18: "When a horse was brought to him, he said, 'After victory I will use this for the pursuit, but now let us advance against the enemy;' and he attacked the enemy, charging on foot." Catilina, the Roman traitor, adopted the same desperate manoeuvre.

suo, equo.

omnium, 'all his staff;' not of course alluding to his cavalry.

§3. Gallis: i.e. Helvetiis.

magno impedimento, predicative dative.

cum ferrum se inflexisset, 'seeing that the iron-head had got bent,' and was therefore more difficult to pull out. This head was itself about four and a half feet long, and its weight would easily carry it through several of the light shields carried by the Helvetii.

PAGE 19.

6

§ 4. multi ut, so that many.' For the inverted order of words cp. 6. 1, vix qua; 43. 3, ex equis ut colloquerentur; 26. 1. diutius cum.

nudus, i.e. without the shield: so nudum latus.

§ 5. mille, acc. of space, representing a noun, and so taking the genitive passuum, a very rare construction. circiter is an adverb.

§ 6. monte, the Montagne du Château de la Garde.

milibus, military abl.

ex itinere, straight from their march;' cp. Bryan's 'Latiu Prose based upon Caesar,' p. 48.

latere aperto: the shields being carried on the left arm, this would be the right. circumvenire, with coeperunt.

$ 7. conversa signa bipartito intulerunt, wheeled round and charged in two divisions;' i.e. with two fronts.

victis ac submotis, Helvetiis.

venientes, Boios et Tulingos.

CHAP. 26. § 1. ita, 'thus;' i.e. as was said in c. 25.

ancipiti proelio, a 'twofold encounter.'

diutius: for emphasis put first; cp. multi ut, 25. 4 (note). alteri, Helvetii. alteri, Boii et Tulingi.

§ 2. nam, ('I say se contulerunt, not fugerunt,) for in all this battle no one saw an enemy's back.'

hoc toto proelio, like the Greek genitive of time, indicates a space of time as between two extremes = 'in the course of,' and is quite distinct from the acc. of time how long.

cum, although,' 'whereas.'

hora septima, about 1 P.M.: the days were now long.

§ 3. et e loco superiore, and from this vantage-ground,' formed by the waggons, etc.

§ 5. captus est agrees with the nearer subject, unus e filiis, though it applies also to filia in sense.

eaque, milia.

nullam partem, acc. of time how long.

PAGE 20.

die quarto, according to inclusive Roman reckoning; really in three days.

§ 6. Lingonas: cp. note on 14. 3, Allobrogas.

qui si iuvissent, should they have aided them.' [Madvig condemns si as an unnecessary intrusion.]

eodem loco, in the same light.'

Helvetios haberet, se esse habiturum.

CHAP. 27. § 2. qui, the ambassadors. eos, paruerunt, refers to the main body of the Helvetii.

convenio. Many intransitive verbs become transitive when compounded with a preposition: so, eo, 'I go;' adeo, 'I approach. Many of them, when thus used, can be personally constructed in the passive, convenio among the number: Cic. ad Fam. vi. 19. 2, tantis pedum doloribus afficitur ut se conveniri nolit. Contrast the construction at 8. 1; 30. 1.

flentes, with petissent.

iussisset, Caesar: a sudden change of subject, as at dicit, 18. 2. § 3. fugio = 'run away;' perfugio, 'run away to a distinctly named place.

§ 4. conquiruntur, obsides et servi; conferuntur, arma. salutis: i.e. libertatis.

finesque: que explanatory = 'the Rhine, this being the Ger

mau frontier.'

sibi purgati, 'cleared of blame in his eyes;' dativus ethicus. in hostium numero habere: a characteristic Roman expression, which means that they were indiscriminately slaughtered.

PAGE 21.

§ 5. Boios, with collocarent; petentibus Aeduis, abĺ. abs. egregia virtute, abl. of quality.

concessit, he granted their request.'

quibus,' to them therefore.'

erant, Boii.

postea. This seems to be a touch of revision added after the end of the Gallic War, as not until Bk. vii. had been written did this equalization take place. Note atque following par.

CHAP. 29.- I. litteris Graecis, 'in Greek characters.' Massilia (Marseilles) was a Greek colony: no Gallic alphabet is known.

mulieresque: why could not et be substituted for -que ?

§ 2. rerum: note that the word includes men.

capita Helvetiorum = Helvetii, a common periphrasis.

fuerunt, attracted in number by milia. ad, 'to the number of,'' about;' Gk. eis.

PAGE 22.

CHAP. 30.-§ 1. Galliae, in the restricted sense of Celtic Gaul: cp. 1. 1; 30. 3, 4; 31. 3.

§ 2. intellegere sese, dixerunt