tametsi: usually in Caesar (as here) followed by tamen.

Helvetiorum Romani, 'the evils inflicted by the Helvetii upon the Roman people: Helvetiorum, subjective (Lat. Prim. § 127); populi Romani, objective genitive (L. P. § 132).

ex usu, 'to the advantage:' cp. such phrases as ex merito, e re, ex iniuria, ex integro, ex contrario.

;

terra Gallia, the land of Gaul,' is more usual in Latin idiom than the definitive genitive: cp. flumen Rhenus, mons Iura also mare Oceanus, terra Italia. [Note here that the Gallic land is opposed to the Roman people, not without significance.] § 3. imperio, over Gaul.

copia locorum.

§ 4. sese habere dixerunt: note the change from petitio to enuntiatio obliqua.

§ 5. concilio, 'for the council.

iure iurando inter se s. 'bound themselves by oath.'

CHAP. 31.-8 r. eo concilio dimisso. Caesar with characteristic brevity informs the reader of the conference only by saying that it was broken up.

idem =

iidem, a form not found in MSS. qui ante fuerant, cum Caesare.

sibi refers to the subject of petierunt.

secreto, apart from all except Caesar.

§ 2. ne enuntiarentur: a clause in apposition with id, and with it the object after contendere et laborare.

PAGE 23.

quae dixissent,' what they should say.'

§ 3. Galliae, Celtic Gaul.

§ 4. factum esse uti, the result was that:' cp. 10. 2, futurum ut.

feri ac barbari, 'wild and uncivilized;' the two practically

F

synonymous words are used to put the case strongly, as dicione atque imperio, § 7.

§ 6. clientes: viz. the Segusiavi, Aulerci, and Aedui Am

bari.

dicione atque imperio: see note on feri ac barbari, § 5.

§ 8. se, Divitiacum.

§ 9. ob eam rem, but quam ob rem: so ob eam causam, but quam ob causam.

obsidibus, abl. of the instrument: it was not the hostages so much as the fact of their being hostages which held his hands.

PAGE 24.

§ 10. de altera parte-tertia, from the second third;' parstertia forming one word, as proelium equestre, 18. 10

Harudum ex Harudibus.

§ II. paucis annis, 'in a few years;' Lat. Prim., § 120. omnes, Galli; cp. 33. 3.

neque. neque do not answer each other; neque enim, 'for not.'

conferendum esse: i.e. it was so much better. Gallicum,

agrum.

hanc, Gallorum; illa, Germanorum.

$ 12. ut vicerit: the subj. is due to the oratio obliqua, not to the ut, as also facta sit below.

(a) imperare; (b) poscere et edere: join the verbs in this

manner.

exempla cruciatusque, modes of punishment and torture:' the phrase is nearly equivalent to a hendiadys, the -que being explanatory rather than coordinative.

edere: cp. caedem, stragem, facinus edere.

si non: the emphasis is strongly on the non; hence nisi could not be substituted.

§ 13. non posse se.

imperia: note the number.

§ 14. nisi si, 'except if;' i.e.' unless.'

ut domo emigrent: a clause in apposition to (id) quod; cp.

5. 1, ut exeant (note).

§ 15. dubitare se.

enuntiata sint

erunt of or. recta.

sumat: we might have expected sumpturus sit.

PAGE 25.

16. ne: we might have had quominus.

Rhenum governed by the trans of traducatur; contrast 35. 3, trans Rhenum traduceret. [The young student will find it most instructive to go over this chapter with a careful eye for the tenses and moods; and to turn Caesar's indirect narration into direct.]

§ 2. nihil earum rerum: i.e. neither entreated nor wept. capite demisso, abl. of manner, which never takes cum; Lat. Prim., § 113.

§ 3. neque posset, 'and was unable;' Lat. Prim., § 153.

§ 4. hoc, ablative of measure with comparatives: 2. 3 (note); Lat. Prim., § 118.

quam reliquorum fortunam, which can be inserted or omitted at will.

horreo in classical Latin governs an acc.; in Caesar here only. $5. tamen, at any rate,' referring to a suppressed clause, (although they might suffer from A.'s tyranny), yet.'

CHAP. 33.-§ I. beneficio suo: cp. 35. 2; 40; 42, 43.

§ 2. secundum, 'next to these considerations,' i.e. those brought forward by Divitiacus: secundum is really a participle of sequor.

PAGE 26.

fratres consanguineosque: cp. 31. 7.

quod, now this.'

in tanto imperio, 'considering the universal sway.'

§ 4. feri ac barbari: cp. 31. 5 (note).

temperare and temperare sibi are equally found; cp. 7. 5. Cimbri, after menacing Rome for several years, were utterly defeated by C. Marius, B.c. 101; Teutoni, the previous year.

Rhodanus: i.e. only the Rhone.

§ 5. ferendus non videretur: Latin prefers personal constructions when possible.

CHAP. 34. § I. placuit ei = statuit, censuit; cp. 35. 4. medium utriusque, equidistant from both;' utriusque, gen. of reference.

summis utriusque rebus, ' matters of the highest importance to both.'

§ 2. venturum fuisse, velit, oportere venissem, vis, oportet, of oratio recta. Caesar often varies his tenses to produce a lively effect or clearness.

si quid opus esset, if he had need of anything from Caesar;' quid is nom. here; but in 42. 5, si quid opus facto esset is acc. of limitation: cp. Roby, § 1255.

si quid ille se velit, if he (Caesar) wanted anything with him; volo takes a double acc. after the analogy of verbs of asking. Ter. Phorm,, 151, num quid aliud me vis?

PAGE 27.

§ 4. quid negotii, to be taken together.

CHAP. 35.-§ I. his responsis, plural, because the answer consisted of several points.

§ 2. beneficio affectus, concessive, though treated;' beneficio, abl. of manner: Lat. Prim., § 113.

in consulatu suo, B.C. 59.

ut gravaretur, in apposition to hanc gratiam; cp. 5. 1, ut exeant (note). Venire depends on gravaretur.

postularet, Caesar; note the change of subject. §3. amplius: i.e. for the future.

redderet, oblique imperative, like traduceret. illi, illis, the Sequani; eius, Ariovistus.

neve et ne.

§ 4. fecisset, Ariovistus; impetraret, Caesar. sese, repeated afterwards as se.

M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus, B.C. 61; cp. chapter 2. quicumque obtineret,' whatever magistrate should hold:' this important government was always held by one of the outgoing consuls.

quod, as far as,'

=

quantum; or perhaps an archaism for quoad cp. Ter. Heaut. 416, quod potero adiutabo senem.

commodo, abl. of manner.

CHAP. 36.-§ I. ius ut: so 43. 8, consuetudo is followed by ut.

PAGE 28.

§ 2. suo iure, referring to the subject of uteretur (the Roman people); in the next line to that of impediri (Ariovistus).

§ 3. sibi: i.e. Ariovisto.

§ 4. qui faceret, causal, 'seeing that he,' etc.

suo, i.e. Caesaris; sibi, Ariovisto.

§ 5. neque.

neque are correlated, and the clause is there fore not coordinated to the previous one. Asyndeton is one of the most noticeable characteristics of Caesar's style.

iniuria, 'wrongfully;' abl. of manner.

quod convenisset: the fuller expression, quod inter eos convenerat, is found Book ii. 19. 6.

...

longe afuturum, 'would be too far off to serve them.' Verg. Aen. 12. 52, longe illi dea mater erit.

fraternum nomen = = fratrum n. For the fact, cp. 11. 3; 33. 2.

§ 6. As to Caesar's threatening him (A.) that he (C.) would not overlook the wrongs of the Aedui, no one had ever fought with him (A.) without coming to utter destruction.'