§ 7. intellecturum, eum.

invicti Germani: cp. 39. I.

virtute, 'in the way of valour;' abl. of respect.

tectum: i.e. a settled home.

CHAP. 37.-§ 1.

eodem. . . et: the two verbs are coordinated. This explains the construction idem et (atque, ac) = 'the same as.'

a Treveris: the repeated preposition marks that the embassies were distinct.

§ 2. questum, 'to complain;' supine, which follows verbs of motion only.

transportati essent: what would transportati erant have meant?

fines eorum; i.e. Aeduorum: cp. note on 5. 4; liberi eorum, 11.3.

redimere, "gain;' lit. ‘take back' (i.e. in exchange for the hostages): cp. 44. 12.

pacem Ariovisti, the good will of A.:' cp. such phrases as pace tua, 'by your leave."

§ 3. ripas, the east bank. The plural is idiomatically used to express various points on the one bank; cp. 54. 1.

Treveri: supply questum from § 2.

§ 4. veteribus copiis, 'the original forces;' i.e. those now in Gaul. [It is clear that this threatened invasion was an independent one on the part of the Suebi, and that they did not intend merely to act as a contingent of Ariovistus's forces.]

resisti, impersonal. Caesar hints at resistance being impossible.

§ 5. re frumentaria: 23. 1.

PAGE 29.

CHAP. 38. § I. Vesontio. Most names of towns in -o are feminine; a few, such as Sulmo, Narbo, Hippo, Vesontio, masculine. occupandum, gerundive.

tridui. When a substantive of quality (quantity or descrip-.

tion) has an epithet, it may be put in the genitive (L. P., § 128) or ablative (§ 115): cp. 8. 1, murum pedum sedecim; 5. 2, trium mensum cibaria. Here tridui = trium dierum.

quod, attracted in gender by the predicate oppidum: cp. Cic. Phil., 5. 14, Pompeio patre, quod imperio populi Romani lumen fuit, interfecto; Caes., 7. 68, Alesiam, quod est oppidum.

§ 3. usui, dative of the purpose (predicative dative): cp. 5. 1; Lat. Prim., § 108.

facultas, abundance:' so Caesar, facultas navium; Cicero, facultas nummorum.

§ 4. facultatem, 'facilities;' an awkward repetition of the word. ducendem, 'protracting,' gerundive.

§ 5. pedum: cp. note on tridui, § 1.

amplius does not influence case.

§ 6. radices, acc. after contingant; ripae, its subject. arcem, predicate.

§ 7. magnis itineribus forms really one word, and so can be further qualified by another adjective without a copula; cp. note

on 18. 10.

ibi, 'therein' = prep. w. pronoun; cp. 49, munitis castris duas ibi legiones reliquit.

CHAP. 39.-§ 1. ad, 'in the neighbourhood of.' consequence of.'

vocibus, 'remarks,' 'talk;' so Cicero, voculae.

magnitudine, virtute, abl. of quality.

thick-set.

ex, 'in

The Romans werk

congressos, armis.

PAGE 30.

aciem, 'keenness,' 'fierce glance.'

§ 2. tribuni militum were usually young nobles, a kind of amateur soldiers, who accompanied a general in order to gain experience. Six were attached to each legion. (See Introduction on Roman Army, p. xxiv.) ex urbe, from Rome.'

reliqui qui . . . secuti, contubernales, as they were called.

...

§ 3. alius alia causa illata, each bringing forward a separate excuse.' The phrase is abbreviated by the omission of the first

part.

illata in medium prolata: Phaedr. i. 1. 4, iurgii causam intulit.

necessariam, 'urgent;' 16. 6.

$5. volgo, universally.'

diceret: 23. 3 (note).

totis castris, 'throughout the camp;' abl. of place where

§ 6. rem frumentariam, ut posset, or they feared that the corn supply could not be brought up country easily enough;' i.e. at such times and in such quantities as to keep the soldiers in fighting trim. This making the subject of a subordinate clause the object of a principal one is a Greek idiom, belonging in Latin to the conversational rather than literary style. Cp. Ter. Eun. 1035, scin me in quibus sim gaudiis? The more usual construction is to be seen in Cic., res vides quomodo se habeat. ut after verbs of fearing = 'lest not.' By satis commode more is meant than is actually said.

§ 7. nuntiarant, pluperf., as forming the ground of Caesar's remarks in c. 40, incusavit, etc.

6

cum iussisset, when he should command.'

dicto, his order,' dat. after audiens, used as an adj. after the analogy of such trajective words as parens, oboediens; Lat. Prim., § 106. 4.

CHAP. 40.-§ 1. The Roman legion contained sixty centuriae or ordines, and so there were sixty centurions. All these Caesar summoned.

consilio consilium: characteristic repetition; cp. 6. 1.

incusare stronger than accusare; not found in Cicero.

§ 2. cur hunc note the asyndeton.

officio, his loyalty.'

PAGE 31.

sibi persuaderi, 'that he was persuaded.' Why would se per suaderi be wrong?

§3. suam, Caesaris.

§ 4. vererentur = veremini, of direct speech. diligentia,' accuracy of his plans.'

§ 5. factum periculum, 'a trial had been made.'

cum quo tempore.

videbatur. The intrusion of the indicative into oratio obliqua is remarkable, and is probably due to Caesar's wish to avoid ambiguity, which might be caused by using the subjunctive with cum: the same thing occurs with ut, as;' dum,' while.' Roby, Latin Grammar, § 1773.

servili tumultu, 'the revolt of the slaves,' headed by Spartacus B.C. 73-71. The point of Caesar's allusion to this was that many, if not most, of the slaves who took part in it were Germans. [Cic. Phil. 8. 1: maiores nostri tumultum Italicum quod erat domesticus, tumultum Gallicum quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea nullum nominabant.]

quos, referring to an antecedent servos, implied in servili. tamen: cp. 32. 5, note.

aliquid, adverbial acc., 'to some extent.'

quae: note the gender; Lat. Prim. § 92. 2, a.

§ 6. posse: note the mood [and the change of tenses later on in this section].

quantum boni separated as quid negotii, 34. 4.

§ 7. quibuscum, etc. quos, cum eis congressi superarint. qui, Helvetii.

tamen, referring as often to a suppressed clause.

§ 9. cui rationi

clause order.

ipsum, Ariovistum.

hac: i.e. sed hac ratione, cui; note the

capi in fraudem duci.

§ 10. 'As for those who threw the blame of their cowardice on to the pretext of the corn supply and the difficulties of the road, they were acting presumptuously, since they seemed either to despair of or to limit their general's capacity.'

PAGE 32.

$ 12. Note the dative, with dicto audiens as a trajective word.

avaritiam, corum. [Caesar might easily recall such matters which had come under his own eye.]

convictam, 'brought home,' = manifesto cognitam et depren

sam.

§ 13. innocentiam, 'integrity.'

perpetua vita, 'throughout his life;' = Greek genitive of time.

§ 14. longiorem diem, 'a more distant period.' repraesentaturum, 'would do at once.'

=

§ 15. praetoria cohors, his body guard' (predicate), instituted by Scipio Africanus, and consisting partly of officers picked by the general (praetor prac-itor), partly of the class mentioned in 39. 2. [Caesar's skill in managing men is well shown in this crisis. Modestly but distinctly he declares that he docs not deserve such want of confidence; then by a bold and happy stroke appeals to the loyalty of the 10th legion,—an appeal entirely successful.]

CHAP. 41. § 1. mirum in modum: cp. for the order of the words magno cum periculo, 10. 2; summam in spem, 18. 9; summum in cruciatum, 31. 2; quam ob rem, but ob eam rem, 4. 3; ob cam causam, 17. 6.

innata est omnium mentibus. To what word in 46. 4 does it correspond?

§ 2. princeps gratias egit, 'was the first to thank him.'

$ 3. cum tribunis m. egerunt, treated with the tribunes of the soldiers.' The first centurions in each cohort made up a superior body to the rest.

satisfacerent, 'make due apology.'

dubitasse, dixerunt. A sudden change from petitio obliqua to

enuntiatio.