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summa belli, the conduct of the war;' a favourite phrase with Caesar, who also says summa imperii, summa rerum. suum, predicate, and emphatically opposed to imperatoris.

§ 4. ex aliis: i.e. of the other Gauls, whom he could turn to account; cp. ii. 3, Remi qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt. alii = ceteri, is an idiom fairly common at all times, but not found in Cicero.

maximam. Our idiom requires a comparative.

ei, dat. after fidem habebat = confidebat.

ut duceret, consecutive, depending upon exquisito itinere, i.e. 'viz. to lead.'

milium amplius quinquaginta, genitive of quality; amplius, as usual, not affecting the construction.

circuitu, 'by means of a circuit;' abl. of the instrument.

locis apertis, abl. of way or direction by which one goes: Lat. Prim., § 121.

§ 5. cum iter non intermitteret. Cum with the subj. brings out the causality more strongly than the abl. abs. would have done: owing to the hard marching, he came up. Caesar well knew how much depended upon the coming upon Ariovistus as soon as possible.

milibus. The ablative is used more rarely than the acc. to express distance of space, except with the words spatio and intervallo. In this book we find the accusative at 21. 1, 22. 5, 49. 1; the ablative, 43. 2, 48. 1, 2.

CHAP. 42.-§ I. quod, whereas;' cp. 13. 5, quod adortus esset. de, used with transitive verbs, is characteristic of Caesar's style: 27. 1, de deditione miserunt; 44. 4, de stipendio recusare. postulasset, Caesar.

accessisset, Caesar.

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per se, as far as he was concerned.'

§ 2. C. did not reject the terms offered, and thought that at length (iam) he was returning to a sound mind.'

denegasset: note the compound; why not denegaverat?

ultro, actually;' but in § 4, 'thither.'

§ 3. pro, 'considering;' cp. 2. 5, pro multitudine. [Join pro beneficiis (33. 1) and cognitis suis postulatis, abl. abs.]

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fore uti desisteret. In translating, omit the circumlocution.

§ 4. colloquio, 'for the conference;' cp. concilio, 30. 5. quintus. Remember that the Latin reckoning was inclusive. ne quem, 'that no,' etc., in our idiom.

vereri, enuntiatio; veniret, petitio obliqua.

alia ratione, abl. of condition: Lat. Prim., § 114.

§ 5. causa = impedimento. neque audebat, 'nor was rash enough to.'

Gallorum equitatui, which Caesar had raised to the number of four thousand: cp. 15. 1.

equis, abl. abs.; equitibus, dat.: Lat. Prim., § 106, a. [Doberenz points out that the point of omnibus is that the legionaries would considerably outnumber the Gallic cavalry, so that all their horses, reserves included, would be needed for the occasion.]

eo, 'thereon;' cp. note on ibi, 38. 7.

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quid, adverbial acc., as aliquid, 40. 5. facto, abl.: Lat. Prim., § 119, a.

§ 6. non irridicule: so 39. 1, non mediocriter, 'excessively.' 'Having promised to look upon the tenth legion in the light of a praetorian cohort, he was enrolling them in the horse.' The pun lies in the fact that whilst at Rome, where the phrase ad equum rescribere was first used, the cavalry were Roman citizens and of higher rank than the legionarii, in Caesar's army they were Gauls and not Roman citizens at all.

CHAP. 43.- I. tumulus terrenus, forming one expression, can be further qualified by an adj., satis grandis.

spatio: note the abl. 41. 5 (note).

ut erat diotum, ‘as had been agreed' = constitutum. § 2. passibus: 41. 5 (note).

§ 3. ex equis ut: for the inverted order, cp. 6. 1, vix qua. beneficia explained by the following quod-clauses.

§ 4. munera. These would probably consist of a golden crown, gold plate, and costly dresses.

amplissime, 'in rich abundance;' cp. Cic. Phil., v. 19. 53, ut quibus militibus amplissime dati essent. Xen. Anab. I. iv. 17, Μένωνι δὲ καὶ δῶρα ἐλέγετο πέμψαι μεγαλοπρεπώς.

quam rem, with inf.; cp. 40. 6, ex quo iudicari posse.

§ 5. cum, although.' aditum, 'right of way.'

§ 6. quam iustae, 'what real grounds of alliance existed between them and the Aedui.'

§ 7. ut, 'how.'

nostram Romanorum.

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§ 8. sui nihil: Lat. Prim., § 131.

non modo sed. Note that etiam is omitted, as at 20. 3. gratia, dignitate, honore. Latin coordinates all or none. iis, dative.

§ 9. in mandatis in loco mandatorum.

at, 'at least.'

CHAP. 44. § I. A.'s direct answer was short, although his speech was long. Note the asyndeton.

2. ipsorum voluntate. A. does not agree with the account given by the Gauls themselves.

non sine: cp. 39. 1, non mediocriter. ipsis, Gallis. quod, relative.

§ 3. ac before c is very rarely found.

§ 4. paratus is used by Caesar either with the inf., or with ad and the gerund.

de stipendio recusare. Cic. plures esse, qui de tributis recusent.

§ 5. idque: namely, ut amicus esset; not referring directly to amicitiam, in which case eam would have been needed.

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§ 7. Gallia provincia: so 30. 2, terra Gallia.

§ 8. vellet, veniret

=

suas, Ariovisti,

vis, venis, of oratio recta. nostram, Romanorum.

ipsi, Ariovisto.

§ 9. diceret, Caesar, = dicis of oratio recta.

bello, 'in the war;' abl. of point of time, rather loosely constructed: cf. 13. 2, note.

secum, cum Ariovisto.

Aedui after ipsos is unnecessary; but one of the characteristics of Caesar's style is its clearness.

§ II. illum te: i.e. Caesarem, as in § 13; but § 12, eum.

§ 12. Ariovistus implies that Caesar's political enemies at Rome had hinted at the desirability of Caesar's death: and probably it was no empty boast.

§ 13. The tenses are worthy of especial remark in this

section.

eius, Caesaris. [Ariovistus's kind offer to Caesar reminds one very forcibly of Lessing's fable of the wolf, who offered to the shepherds to turn sheep-dog.]

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CHAP. 45.-§ 1. in eam sententiam quare: i.e., 'to explain why.'

pati. Note the change of construction.

merentes more forcible than meritos.

§ 2. bello superatos, B.C. 121.

redegisset: supply an object quos from quibus.

antiquissimum quodque tempus, if in every case claims on the ground of priority ought to be regarded,' or 'respect ought to be paid to antiquity.'

quam voluisset, causal, 'seeing that it (the Senate) had determined.'

victam, although conquered,' concessive. suis: i.e. Galliae.

nostros..

CHAP. 46. § I. propius with acc. nostros: cp. the similar repetition of the same word, § 2, suos, suisque.

§ 2. facit, recepit. Note the sudden change of tenses, the present denoting the sudden breaking off of the proceedings. §3. legionis depends both upon periculo and proelium. committendum ut: 13. 6. per fidem = fide data adductos. § 4. omni Gallia, ablative; Romanis, dative, after interdicere. impetumque fecissent depends upon qua arrogantia, supplying usi to milites from the preceding sentence.

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CHAP. 47.-§ I. mittit: velle supplying some such word as dictum, = 'to say that,' etc.

coeptus, not coepi, is used with passive infinitives; coepit agere, but coeptum est agi.

neque neque vero.

inter eos: 6. 3; 11. 3.

§ 3. legatum e suis, an ambassador from among his men' [not one of his ambassadors,' which would be e suis legatis]. § 4. fidem, trustworthiness.'

6

cuius pater... donatus erat, a parenthesis.

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qua lingua, which Ariovistus used freely.'

multa is used nearly as an adverb, multum ; so nullus venit = 'he did not come.'

longinqua consuetudine, 'owing to long familiarity;' abl. of the efficient cause, or ground. [The use of longinquus as applied to time (with which cp. de Bello Civili, iii. 80. 3, longinqua oppugnatio) may be contrasted with that of longior = 'more distant,' 40. 14.]

in eo to be joined with peccandi, 'and because the Germans

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