had no cause of offence with regard to him;' another way of saying 'to offend against him,' which would, however, require

in eum.

§ 5. cognoscerent, 'ascertain.'

§ 6. conclamavit, 'he shouted aloud;' the con- intensifying, as in concido, convello, comminuo, etc.

venirent venitis of oratio recta.

CHAP. 48.-§ I. castra in various cases is four times repeated in this section, an illustration of Caesar's preference on occasion of distinctness to every other quality of style; so locus is frequently repeated in the next chapter.

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§ 3. instructam, 'drawn up,' predicate.

...

ut non, so that . . . not,' consecutive [not 'in order that not,' which would be a final clause and demand ne]. potestas, 'opportunity.'

§ 4. exercitum, 'the infantry,' here as often in Caesar, when expressly opposed to equitatus.

equestri proelio, asyndeton, as so often in Caesar.

expedita, agreeing with the plural milia, is peculiar. One would have expected armatorum, as iv. 1. 4, singula milia armatorum; compare, on the other hand, ii. 4. 5, armata milia 'centum.

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$4. opus, the fortification.'

§ 5. ibi, 'therein;' cp. 38. 7 (note).

castra maiora: i.e. his first camp.

CHAP. 50.-§ I. instituto suo, according to his resolve,' abl. of the ground; so Caesar says consuetudine sua, praeceptis Caesaris, etc.

instruxit, fecit: note the asyndeton.

§ 2. quae oppugnaret, 'to attack,' final clause.

§ 3. solis occasu, 'at sunset,' ablative of time when: so adventu, 'on the arrival;' discessu, 'on the departure.'

§ 4. sortibus. Tacitus (Germania, c. x.) described the method of taking these lots, which consisted chiefly of 'runes' marked on twigs, which were scattered on a white cloth and then selected at haphazard by a priest.

ex usu: cp. 30. 2.

fas, the will of the gods.'

CHAP. 51.-§ I. alarios, ‘auxiliaries.' [These Caesar stationed in front, that Ariovistus might be deceived as to his actual strength of legionaries.]

minus valebat, 'he was weak.'

ad speciem, 'to make a show,' viz. of strength.

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§ 2. generatim, 'according to their tribes."

§ 3. eo, thereon: cp. ibi, 38. 7; eo, 42. 5. passis manibus, 'with outstretched hands.'

CHAP. 52.- I. Caesar placed five of his legions under the command of legati, the remaining sixth under a quaestor.

§ 2. eam partem: i.e. the left wing of the enemy.

dextro cornu; viz. of his own army.

§ 3. ita acriter, 'so fiercely.'

itaque = et ita.

pila coniciendi. Note that the gerund is not as usual changed into the gerundive.

§ 5. qui insilirent, who consented to leap upon;' Lat. Prim., § 150.

complures nostri milites, 'our soldiers in many cases;' so nostrae naves duae, tres suos manipularios, phrases employed elsewhere by Caesar.

6

§ 6. a sinistro cornu, on the left wing' of the Germans; so dextro immediately afterwards.

§ 7. expeditior, 'freer to act,' being out of the mêlée.

CHAP. 53. § 1. omnes emphatic.

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priusquam pervenerunt: note the tense and contrast it with priusquam conaretur, 19. 3.

quinque milia passuum. With this reading (which is that of all the MSS.) we must in all probability suppose that by the Rhine Caesar means the Ill, which flowed into the Rhine. [Others read quinquaginta, which supposes the Germans to have taken a very roundabout route indeed, and is not probable.] § 3. equitatu, abl. of instr.

consecuti, 'having caught.'

§ 4. in Gallia duxerat = duxerat in matrimonium.

§ 5. trinis, threefold;' more emphatic than the cardinal tribus would have been.

$6. quae q. r. et ea. neque quicquam, and because . . . nothing.'

quos

ex iis for this fulness of phrase, which serves to render the grammatical connection more distinct, cp. 12. 3, . eorum concidit.

eos..

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§ 2. These words of Caesar were no empty boast: little as had been his military experience, he had saved Gaul, nay Rome itself, from the utmost danger; and although it was still only September, he was able to send his army into winter-quarters.

§ 3. ad conventus agendos, for the purpose of holding the assizes,' one of the duties of the Proconsul. Caesar had a still more important reason for going towards Rome; namely, the furthering of his own political ends. See Introduction.

VOCABULARY.