monthly, and written throughout in verse; and Thomas Kingo (1634-1723), the author of many excellent hymns. Arreboe is called the father of Danish poetry. The poets and prose writers of the 16th and 17th centuries are enumerated by Thura in his Idea Historia Literaria Danorum (1732). The classic mythology never pervaded the literature of Denmark, as it did that of other European countries; and hence the modern development of Danish poetry has a strongly Scandinavian character, the poets drawing their inspirations less from Greece and Rome than from the Scandinavian sagas, brought out by the labors of Vedel and his successors. The chief Danish writer of the 18th century is Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754), dramatic poet, writer of fiction, and popular philosopher, whose fertile imagination and genial humor manifest themselves with a strong bracing realism. He was most at home in comedy. He founded the theatre at Copenhagen, and wrote for it within three years 20 plays, several of which still continue to be favorites. The most popular are: "The Pewter Statesman," a political satire; "The Arabian Powder," a satire upon the alchemists; "Ulysses," a parody of the heroic German drama; and "The Brothers Antipodes," representing two brothers, one superstitious and the other skeptical, both undergoing a spiritual cure. Holberg has been called the Molière of the North. His most heroic epic, "Peder Paars," in which the hero is a country grocer, shipwrecked while crossing to Jutland to meet his lady love, is full of humor and genial philosophy. He wrote a prose satirical romance entitled "Niels Klim's Subterranean Journey," of supposed skeptical tendencies, which from fear of the orthodoxy of King Christian VI. was first published in Latin (1741), but was subsequently translated into almost every European tongue. His "History of Denmark to the year 1670," also written in Latin, is a standard work. Christian Falster was a contemporary of Holberg, and wrote some satirical poems of reputation, but of unequal merit. The next poet of the first order is Johannes Evald (died 1781). His tragedies of "Baldur's Death" and "Rolf Krage" have long been favorites, as well as his | comedy "The Harlequin Patriot," while he is the author of the Danish national song "King Christian at the high mast stands." Evald holds toward Holberg somewhat the same relation as Schiller to Goethe, and both their names are representative of the early, enthusiastic, and successful effort to establish a national literature free from foreign corruption. They were followed by Christian Pram, a poet of considerable merit, whose romantic epic Störkodder appeared in 1785; and Ole Johan Samsoe (died 1796), and Levin Christian Sander (died 1819), writers of excellent tragedies, who cooperated in the development of a purely national literature; while the Danish histories of Peder F. Suhm and Erik Pontoppidan stand

He

prominent toward the close of the century. Jens Baggesen (1764-1826) was the favorite lyrist of the nation. His tales, lyrics, and comic epics are full of grace and humor. was an admirer of the German poets, and wrote and published a number of pieces in German. He may perhaps be considered as marking that inclination toward German associations which comes out more conspicuously in Adam Oehlenschläger (1779-1850), the greatest Danish poet of the present century. Oehlenschläger found his favorite subjects in the mythology of Scandinavia, and his "Baldur the Good" and "Gods of the North" bring the gods of the Edda and the old Norse heroes upon the modern stage. His "Correggio" is an exquisite picture of the representatives of different schools of painting, and became a favorite of the European stage. The "Death of Socrates" and "Queen Margaret" show rich fancy, tender pathos, and noble diction. His "Hamlet" gives not the Shakespearian but the historic character as handed down by Saxo Grammaticus; its first representation in Copenhagen (1846) excited the greatest enthusiasm. Oehlenschläger translated his own works into German, and is as well known in Germany as in Denmark. Peder Andreas Heiberg (1758– 1841) was a dramatic writer of great originality. His son Johan Ludvig Heiberg (17911860) confined himself to comedy and vaudeville, but ranks among the first of recent dramatists. He was also a philosophical and archæological writer of great merit, and his novels, published anonymously, are little if at all inferior to those of Hans Christian Andersen. Bernhard Severin Ingemann (1789-1862) was a poet and dramatist known outside of Denmark. His epics Waldemar de Store and Holger Danske deserve great praise. He is the author also of the national song Danebrog. Hendrik Hertz (1798–1870) is also known outside of his native land, and some of his lyrics and dramatic poems have been translated into English. Fr. Paludan-Müller (born 1809) is also eminent; his Adam Homo, which may be classed with epic, didactic, or satiric poetry, is perhaps the most remarkable production of modern Danish literature. Nicolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783–1872) is in many respects one of the first Danish authors of recent times. As a popular writer of hymns he is unequalled; in lyrical and historical poetry he equals Oehlenschläger, his Kong Harald og Ansgar and Optrin af Kämpelirets Undergang i Nord being beautiful delineations of the old Danish life and character; while his archæological writings and his translations of the works of Snorro and Saxo are of great value. His son Svend Grundtvig (born 1824) has published investigations of the literary monuments of Iceland. Christian Molbech (1783-1857) gained great distinction in Danish literary history. In 1826 he edited Harpestreng's "Book of Medicine," supposed to have been written in the 13th century. His son Chr. Karl Frederik Molbech

son of a saddler, but was sent to Harrow school | and Cambridge university, where he remained eight years, taking his degree of A. M. in 1683. After travelling some time on the continent he returned, a whig in politics, and mingled with the politicians and literary men of London. Among his friends were Dryden, Halifax, Wycherley, and Congreve. By his expensive habits he soon dissipated a small fortune which had been left him, and the duke of Marlborough obtained for him an appointment in the customs worth £120 a year; but he was compelled to sell this to satisfy pressing demands, only reserving a small annuity for a term of years. Having outlived this term, he was reduced to great poverty, became blind, and was compelled in the latter part of his life to depend upon the charity of literary friends, many of whom he had grossly calumniated. He wrote some verses of little merit, and several plays which obtained a transient popularity, especially the one entitled "Liberty Asserted," in which the French, with whom the English were then at war, were roughly handled. Of his essays the best are "The Grounds of Criticism" and those on Addison's "Cato" and Pope's "Rape of the Lock," though the two latter are characterized by the bitterness with which he usually spoke of his contemporaries. He attacked Swift, Pope, Addison, Steele, and nearly all the prominent writers of the day, thereby making enemies of those best able to castigate him. This was done most effectually by Swift and Pope, the latter devoting to him some of the sharpest hits in the "Dunciad." He had a most exaggerated idea of his own importance, and desired to have a clause in the treaty of Utrecht protecting him from the wrath of the French king, which he imagined had been aroused by his play, "Liberty Asserted." He had invented a new way of imitating thunder for his play of "Appius and Virginia," which was brought out and failed in 1708. Shortly afterward, during the performance of “Macbeth," hearing the thunder produced by his apparatus, he rose in the pit and denounced the managers for stealing his thunder. His fame is due mainly to the abuse which he received from those he had assailed.

DENON, Dominique Vivant, baron, a French archeologist, born at Châlon-sur-Saône, Jan. 4, 1747, died in Paris, April 27, 1825. He was sent to Paris to study law, but devoted his time chiefly to art and literature. He gained favor at the court of Louis XV., was employed on several embassies, and after the death of that king was for a time minister to Switzerland. Going subsequently to Naples in the suite of the ambassador, he spent several years in Italy, studying the monuments of ancient art, forming collections of remarkable specimens, and making copies of others. Here also he studied etching and mezzotint engraving. He engaged with the abbé de Saint-Non to superintend the preparation of a Voyage pittoresque de Naples et Sicile; but

having a dispute with him, he brought out the work independently. The portion relating to continental Italy appeared in the notes to a French translation of the journey of Swinburne, and that relating to Sicily and Malta in a separate volume. Having returned to Paris during the revolution (after a second stay in Italy), he met Bonaparte at the house of Mme. de Beauharnais, and was chosen by him to accompany the expedition to Egypt in the capacity both of a savant and artist. In 1802 appeared his Voyage dans la basse et la haute Egypte, profusely illustrated by his own hand. It was first published in two large folio volumes, but there are several editions of smaller size. He also took the chief part in the preparation of the Description de l'Égypte, under the auspices of the Egyptian institute, of which he was a member. Bonaparte made him inspector general of the museums of France, and he accompanied the army in the various campaigns of the emperor, selecting the works of art which were gathered to enrich the galleries of the Louvre. On the second restoration he retired to private life, and spent some years in collecting and arranging the material for a history of art, which was finished by Amaury Duval (Monuments des arts du dessin chez les peuples tant anciens que modernes, 4 vols. fol., 1829). Denon's own etchings number more than 300.

DENT, a S. E. county of Missouri; area, about 750 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,357, of whom 31 were colored. The soil is fertile and the surface much diversified. Current river and several smaller streams have their sources here. The chief productions in 1870 were 55,024 bushels of wheat, 215,693 of Indian corn, 53,042 of oats, 16,539 of potatoes, 988 tons of hay, 58,588 lbs. of butter, and 26,770 of tobacco. There were 1,241 horses, 1,547 milch cows, 3,426 other cattle, 6,861 sheep, and 11,230 swine. Capital, Salem.

DENTALIUM, or Tooth Shell, a gasteropod mollusk, usually placed near the limpets. The shell is tubular, symmetrical, curved like a long slender tooth, open at each end, attenuated posteriorly; the surface is either smooth or longitudinally striated; aperture circular. The animal is attached to the shell near the posterior anal surface; head rudimentary, without eyes, with teeth in mouth at the base of a long, conical foot; there are two symmetrical branchia; sexes believed to be united. In the early stages they have wing-like expansions at the anterior part of the body, and many tentacles around the head. They are animal feeders, devouring minute bivalves and foraminifera ; they are all marine, living in almost all seas, on sandy and muddy bottoms, in which they often bury themselves; they are found in from 10 to 100 fathoms. There are about 50 living and 125 fossil species, ranging from the Devonian forward. They were classed by the early zoologists with the worms, and even Cuvier placed them near

1 Shell of Dentaliam entalis. 2. Shell magnified and frac

td, showing animal contracted. 3. Animal at the mo

ment of advancing from the shell. 4. Animal magnified, abdominal aspect. 5. Animal magnified and cut open, showing internal formation. 6. Animal magnified, dorsal | aspect.

has found in it many different characters interesting from a Darwinian point of view, and suggesting the development of the branch of mollusks from dentalium or some animal resembling it, which had been derived from some annelid form. Dentalium, according to him, points to the acephala in the absence of a head, to the gasteropods by the lingual teeth, to the pteropods by the wing-like expansions, and to the cephalopods by the many tentacles of the embryo. Whether these indicate derivation or not, the union of annelid peculiarities with those of all the classes of mollusks is certainly unusual and interesting. The common species of the Atlantic, the D. entalis (Linn.), is about 14 inch long and inch in diameter at the anterior end, tapering to a dull point.

DENTATUS, Manins (or Marens) Curius, a Roman consul, flourished in the first half of the 3d centary B. C. In 290 he became consul and defeated the Samnites; in 275, during his second consulship, he vanquished Pyrrhus in two great battles; in 274 he was elected consul a third time, and was victorious over the Samnites, Lacanians, and Bruttians. On the conclusion of his third consulship he retired to a small farm in the Sabine territory, and cultivated it with his own hands. While he was thus engaged, the Samnites sent an embassy to him with costly presents. They found him sitting at the hearth cooking vegetables for his dinner. He rejected their gifts, telling them he would rather rule over those who possessed wealth than possess it himself. In 272 he was made censor, in which capacity he constructed an #queduct from the Anio (Teverone) into the city, and by a canal he carried off the water of te lake Velinus (Velino) to the Nar (Nera), and thus gave to the Reateans a large tract of event land. He is said to have been born with teeth; hence his surname of Dentatus. DENTISTRY (Lat. dens, tooth), the surgical treatment of the teeth, and the manufacture and fitting of artificial teeth. Although it is

The

only within less than a century that dentistry has taken the rank of a distinct profession, attention was directed from the earliest periods to the means of preserving and improving the beauty of the teeth. In the time of Herodotus dentistry appears to have been practised in Egypt as a distinct branch of surgery, as was also the treatment of the diseases of the eye and of the ear. Little, however, is known of the attainments of these early practitioners. In the ancient tombs of this people artificial teeth of ivory or wood were found by Belzoni and others, some of which were fastened upon gold plates. It is also stated that teeth of the mummies have been found filled with gold. Thus it would seem that the ancient Egyptians understood processes of the art which are commonly regarded only as inventions of modern times. Artificial teeth are alluded to by several of the Greek and Latin poets, as Ovid, Martial, and Horace. works of Galen, written in the 2d century, contain the earliest treatises upon this subject, and they continued to be the best until the works of Fallopius, Eustachius, and Ambroise Paré appeared in the 16th century. During the 18th century the attention of many medical men in France and England was directed to the subject, and a number of elaborate works were published devoted exclusively to the art of dentistry. These, and prominently among them the treatise of John Hunter (1771-'8), laid the foundation of the English school of dentistry. The subject, however, was treated anatomically and philosophically rather than practically; and the same may be said of the writings of the eminent French surgeon of this period, Bichat. Neither of these was a practical dentist, and the subsequent publications of Dr. Blake in 1798, and of Fox in 1803 and 1806, as of others at later dates, served rather to elucidate the physiology of the teeth and the nature of the diseases to which they are subject than the method of treating them. From advertisements in the newspapers of 1803 the practice of making teeth and cleaning them appears to have been in the hands of silversmiths or jewellers. In 1826 the “Principles of Dental Surgery," by Leonard Koecker, M. D., who had practised dentistry from 1807 to 1822 in Baltimore and Philadelphia, appeared in London, and fully established the claims of the art to take rank as a distinct branch of science. From that time new treatises have continued frequently to appear. The progress of the French school was very rapid in the early part of the present century. Prof. Baumes's treatise on first dentition and the diseases that accompany it appeared in 1805, and about the same time a work on the theory and practice of the art by Laforgue. A number of works were published by Delabarre between 1815 and 1826 on different subjects relating to the teeth and their treatment. Among them is a treatise on "Mechanical Dentistry," published in 1820, and illustrated with 42 plates.