hope, afterward earl of Chesterfield, and ob- charge of the academy where he had been himtained an appointment as one of the chaplains self educated, and removed it first to Market of the king. In 1766 he took the degree of Harborough, and then to Northampton, whithLL. D. at Cambridge. Pursued by his credit- er he had been invited as pastor. At this acadors, and ambitious of a still higher position emy the most distinguished dissenting ministhan he had yet obtained, he wrote to the wife ters near the middle of the last century were of the lord chancellor Apsley an anonymous educated. Dr. Doddridge presided over it for letter, offering her £3,000 if by her influence 20 years, and acquired a high reputation as a he might be promoted to the rectory of St. preacher and author. In 1750 his constitution, George's, Hanover square. This letter, being always feeble, began to show signs of decline, communicated to the chancellor, laid before and he sailed to Lisbon, where he died 13 days the king, and traced to the author, caused his after his arrival. His most popular and useful name to be stricken from the list of the works are "The Rise and Progress of Religion royal chaplains. Ile fled to Geneva, where in the Soul," and the "Family Expositor," the young Lord Chesterfield was then residing, containing a version and paraphrase of the New who gave him money to satisfy his creditors, Testament, with notes. He also published sevand presented to him a living in Buckingham- eral volumes of sermons, "The Principles of shire. But Dodd went directly with his money the Christian Religion," a "Treatise on Regento France, where he spent it recklessly. On eration," and several minor works. He is the his return to England in 1776 he resumed his author of numerous hymns included in the stanpastoral functions, and preached with fluency dard collections. His "Course of Lectures on and unction. His last sermon was at the Mag- the Principal Subjects in Pneumatology, Ethies, dalen chapel, Feb. 2, 1777. Two days after and Divinity" was published posthumously this he forged a bond upon Lord Chesterfield (London, 1763), and gives the outlines of a for £4,200, for which he was tried at the Old system of metaphysics and divinity. His works Bailey and condemned to death. Though he were collected in 10 vols. (Leeds, 1802), and refunded the money, and was recommended his "Private Life and Correspondence," by by the jury to the royal clemency, and though one of his descendants, appeared in 5 vols. numerous noble protectors, many clergymen, (London, 1831). Accounts of his life were also and a petition from the city of London bearing published by his contemporary Job Orton, and 23,000 signatures, prayed for the interference his pupil Dr. Kippis. of the crown, he was executed at Tyburn. Of his many writings, the "Reflections on Death" (1763) and the "Thoughts in Prison," a poem in blank verse, written during the progress of his trial, are alone not forgotten.

DODDRIDGE, a N. W. county of West Virginia, drained by Hughes river; area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 7,076, of whom 35 were colored. The land is mostly hilly and adapted to pasturage. The Parkersburg division of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad crosses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 15,879 bushels of wheat, 113,064 of Indian corn, 18,723 of oats, 14,167 of potatoes, 4,649 tons of hay, and 113,649 lbs. of butter. There were 1,815 horses, 1,987 milch cows, 2,782 other cattle, 7,183 sheep, and 3,904 swine. Capital, West Union.

DODDRIDGE, Philip, an English clergyman, born in London, June 26, 1702, died in Lisbon, Oct. 26, 1751. Left an orphan at the age of 13, he was sent to a private school at St. Albans, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Samuel Clarke, who became interested in him for his love of learning. The duchess of Bedford offered to defray the expenses of his education at either university, a proposal which he declined on account of the implied condition that he should become a clergyman in the church of England. In 1719 he entered a dissenting academy at Kibworth to study theology. From 1722 to 1729 he fulfilled pastoral duties at Kibworth and the neighboring town of Market Harborough, and in that retired district pursued his studies. In 1729 he took

DODGE. I. A S. central county of Georgia, formed since the census of 1870, bounded S. W. by the Ocmulgee river, and intersected by the Little Ocmulgee; area, about 500 sq. m. The surface is generally level and sandy. Pine forests abound. The Macon and Brunswick railroad traverses it. Capital, Eastman. II. A S. E. county of Wisconsin, drained by Rock river and several smaller streams; area, 936 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 47,035. There are prairies in various parts, interspersed with oak openings, and covered here and there with small clusters of burr and pin oaks. The valleys of the streams are occupied by extensive forests of oak, ash, elm, and maple. The soil is calcareous and highly fertile. Horicon lake is in the N. part. The Wisconsin division of the Chicago and Northwestern railroad and the Northern and La Crosse divisions of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad cross it. The chief productions in 1870 were 2.294,538 bushels of wheat, 25,009 of rye, 629,020 of Indian corn, 909,648 of oats, 96,233 of barley, 354,744 of potatoes, 70,258 tons of hay, 1.153,272 lbs. of butter, and 229,984 of wool. There were 13,550 horses, 16,311 milch cows, 14,549 other cattle, 59,138 sheep, and 21,017 swine; 6 manufactories of agricultural implements, 23 of carriages, 10 of barrels and casks, 11 of furniture, 2 of pig iron, 4 of woollen goods, 14 of saddlery and harness, 5 of pumps, 4 sw mills, 12 flour mills, and 6 breweries. Capital, Juneau. III. A S. E. county of Minnesota, drained by affluents of the Zumbro river; area 432 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,598. The surface

those left by many animals which perished portion of the bill; the extent of the bare ages ago from geological causes. Besides skin around the eyes and forehead; the hookthe rude drawings of the early voyagers ed and compressed corneous portion of the given in Strickland's work, there are at least upper mandible, overhanging the lower; the six oil paintings which are no doubt faith- position of the nostril in the middle of the ful copies of the living originals. The first of beak, and near its lower margin; the sudden these paintings, the one copied in all books on sinking from the forehead to the beak, and the natural history, and now in the British mu- rapid narrowing in front of the orbits; the seum, is anonymous, but probably by one of short, robust tarsi, and expansion of the lower the artists who painted the following ones; surface of the toes; the low plane of the hind there are three pictures by Roland Savery, one toe; the relative lengths of the toes as comat the Hague, another in Berlin dated 1626, pared with the ground pigeons, the absence of and the third in Vienna dated 1628; a fifth interdigital webs, and the short blunt claws. painting is in the Ashmolean museum, by John Among internal characters, gathered from the Savery, dated 1651; and a sixth in the gallery of narratives of voyagers and the paintings of the the duke of Northumberland, at Sion House, bird from nature, are the presence of a large painted by Goeimare, and dated 1627. The crop, a very muscular gizzard, the palatableness principal remains of the dodo are a foot in the of the flesh, and the laying of a single egg. BeBritish museum, and a head and foot in the sides these characters are the absence of the voAshmolean museum at Oxford, England, ren- mer; the form and direction of the bones, prodered familiar by numerous casts; the latter cesses, and foramina of the skull; the form of are all that is left of the specimen in Trades- the metatarsal and tarso-metatarsal bones, procant's museum, and all that was saved from cesses, and canals; and especially the passage of the flames which consumed the decayed speci- these canals on the outside of the posterior tarmens by order of the trustees in 1755; the sal ridge. Mr. Allis detected only 11 sclerotic head preserves the beak and nostrils, the bare plates, as in the pigeons, no other birds having so skin of the face, and the partially feathered small a number. Its food was probably dates, occiput; the eyes are dried within the sockets, cocoanuts, mangoes, and such other fruits as but the horny end of the beak is gone. A would fall from the tropical trees. Strickland cranium exists in the museum at Copenhagen; calls it "a young duck or gosling enlarged to a collection of bones at Paris, much incrusted the dimensions of a swan; . . . . a permanent with stalagmite, carried there in 1830; and nestling, clothed with down instead of feathothers sent by Mr. Telfair to the Andersonian ers, and with the wings and tail so short and museum at Glasgow and to the London zoologi- feeble as to be utterly unsubservient to flight.” cal society in 1833. The latter included a tibia While Strickland was preparing his work in and the head of a humerus of large size, with a England, Dr. S. Cabot, jr., of Boston, publishbroad articulating surface and a sudden reduc- ed a paper in the “Journal of the Boston Sotion of the size of the shaft. The generic char-ciety of Natural History" (vol. v., p. 490), enacters are a strong bill, much longer than the head, with the culmen straight at first and then arched to the tip, which is acute and overlaps the lower mandible; the latter has the gonys short and suddenly curved upward; the nostrils are in the membranous portion (which occupies two thirds of the bill), oblique and exposed; the wings imperfect; the tail apparently a tuft of five feathers, broad and curved upward; the tarsi robust, moderately long, and scaled; the outer toe is shorter than the inner, and the anterior toes are all free at the base; the hind toe is long, on the same plane with the others, and scaled; the claws are short, strong and blunt. Cuvier ranked the dodo with gallinaceous birds; others have traced out its analogies with the ostrich and with the penguin. Most writers, before the work of Strickland, considered it a modified form of raptorial bird. Reinhardt of Copenhagen first referred the dodo to the pigeon family, and Strickland and Melville followed out this idea. They consider it a frugivorous terrestrial pigeon, colossal and brevipennate, coming near in the bill to the genus treron (Vieill.; vinago, Cuv.). The chief external characters of resemblance are the soft, depressed, and vascular nature of the long basal

titled "The Dodo a Rasorial and not a Rapacious Bird;" in this he comes to the same conclusions as the first mentioned author, and without any knowledge of his views. He says "that the dodo was a gigantic pigeon, and that, as its general shape, feathering, &c., resemble more strongly the young than the adult pigeon, we may perhaps be allowed to surmise that it properly belongs to an earl epoch than the present, and has become extinct because its time was run." Prof. Brandt of St. Petersburg, in 1848, maintained the affinity of the dodo to the charadriale e plovers, which he styles pigeoned-formed or dove-like waders. The testimony seems overwhelming in favor of the columbine atlinities of the dodo.-In the island of Rodriguez lived another large brevipennate bird, the solitaire, allied to the pigeons.

DODONA, an ancient city of Epirus, in X. Greece, celebrated as the seat of the most at cient oracle of Greece, which ranked with those of Delphi and Ammonium. It is the only place of great celebrity in Greece of which the situation is not exactly known; no vestige of it can be discovered. Leake conjectures that its site was at the S. end of Lake Janita (anc. Pambotis); others place it near the sciret

canines, strong, curved, and separated by an interval from the incisors; and six molars on each side, the first three, in interrupted series, being small, but with cutting edges, and called also false molars; the fourth or carnivorous tooth is bicuspid, with a small tubercle anteriorly on the inner side; the fifth is less cutting, bicuspid, with a large internal tubercle; the sixth and last is small and tubercular. In the lower jaw there are six incisors; two canines, continuous in the series, and seven molars on each side, of which four are false, the fourth being bicuspid; the fifth or carnivorous tooth has its tubercular third lobe entirely posterior; behind this are two tubercular teeth, the last being very small and frequently absent in the adult animal. The incisors are regular, the outer being the largest, and nearly perpendic-fer in stature, in the shape of their ears and ular in the upper jaw; the lower canines shut in front of the upper; the tubercular character of the other teeth indicates a less carnivorous propensity than in the cat family, and that their natural diet is not exclusively animal, being better suited for carrion and broken bones than for the flesh of a living prey. In some species, as the buansuah and the dhole, the second tubercular tooth is constantly wanting, according to Hamilton Smith. The brain cavity is comparatively small; the crests of the skull and the large temporal fossa indicate powerful muscles of mastication; the eyes are directed forward; the nostrils are largely opened in a movable glandular muzzle; the tongue is soft, thin at the edges, and capable of considderable extension beyond the teeth, as is seen during rapid breathing in warm weather; the pupil is round, as in other diurnal canida. The fore feet have five toes, the hind feet four or five; the two middle toes are the longest and equal; the fifth toe, when present, does not reach the ground; the claws are blunt, strong, not retractile, and formed for digging; the soles are furnished with tubercles, and in some arctic dogs with hair. The hair is soft and woolly near the skin, longer and coarser externally; some of the dogs of India have the skin entirely naked, this condition originating probably from some mangy disease. The tail is generally long, and is curled upward. The number of mammæ varies from six to ten; the size, form, and color are different according to the variety. The young open their eyes on the 10th or 12th day; the first teeth begin to be shed at the fourth month, and the growth ceases at about two years of age; gestation is about nine weeks, and the duration of life is about 10 years, though sometimes prolonged to 20. Though strong, they are not courageous in proportion to their strength; hearing is acute, and smell and vision are proverbially delicate, the former in the bloodhound, the latter in the greyhound; taste is so dull or perverted that even luxuriously fed pets will not disdain a meal of decaying flesh. Dogs are not 80 cleanly in their habits as cats; they drink by lapping, require water often, and turn round

frequently before lying down; their bark is very different from the howl of wild canines, and expresses by its intonation fear, sorrow, anger, joy, and other feelings. All canines seem to have a natural antipathy to the cat family; and all, both wild and domesticated, and the nearly allied hyæna, are subject to hydrophobia.-There are several species of wild dogs in different parts of the earth, all of which may have been pressed into the service of man; the crossings of these with each other, with the wolf in the north, the jackal in the east, the aguara canines in the south, the fennec in Africa, and the fox everywhere, with the care of man to develop special breeds according to his wants, are sufficient to account for all the varieties of our domestic dogs. Dogs dif tails, and in the number of their caudal vertebræ; some have an additional claw on the hind foot, or an extra false molar tooth on one side; the hair differs in color, texture, and length; and all these differences may remain as permanent varieties, like some human races, as long as the circumstances which gave rise to them continue essentially the same. When restored to the wild state, they approximate more or less closely to their original type. whether it be wolf, fox, jackal, or other wild canine. Hamilton Smith classes dogs according to their apparent affinities with wild canines in corresponding latitudes: the arctic dogs with wolves; the dogs of the south with the jackal in the old world, and with the aguara canines in South America. The Indian dogs may be traced to the prairie wolf and the Mexican coyote, and in Asia to the jungle koola. Whatever may have been their originals, it is altogether probable that the primitive dogs, like the other domestic animals, were very different from any of the present races, and perhaps from any now existing canines.-The first genus of wild dogs is lycisens (Smith), embracing the prairie wolf and coyote of North America, and the koola of India: the head is broad, the muzzle pointed, ears erect, fur short, tail bushy; stature about 26 in.; the disposition is more peaceable than that of the wolf; the voice barking; they are gre garious and live in burrows. It is probable that the aboriginal Indian dog is derived from the first two; the color is ashy gray, with some white on the tail and breast; when hurting in packs, these animals are hardly to be distinguished from domestic dogs. They are named L. latrans, L. cagottis, and L. tigris. The red wild dogs, forming the genus chryseva (Smith), are found in the warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and the Australian islands; the muzzle is less pointed than in lyciscus, and the tail less bushy; they are shy and fierce, seldom burrow, hunt in troops, and bark, and are about 24 in. high; they want the second tobercular tooth in the lower jaw, and are said to have hairy soles; they destroy many of the young of the larger cats; they differ from