ernment, he returned to England, and was reinstated and made rear admiral. In 1851 he became vice admiral of the white, and in 1854 admiral of the United Kingdom. He was a man of considerable scientific attainments, and the author of "Observations on Rural Affairs" (1847), "Notes on the Condition of the British West India Islands" (1851), "Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil" (2 vols., 1859), and "Autobiography of a Seaman " (1860). The succession to his title gave rise to a famous law case. His eldest son claimed the title, which was disputed by a younger brother, who aspersed the character of their mother. The case was decided (June 11, 1863) in favor of the eldest son, THOMAS BARNES COCHRANE (born April 18, 1814), the present earl. DUNDRUM BAY, a bay of the Irish sea, on the coast of the county Down. Its entrance, which lies between St. John's point on the N. E. and the Mourne mountains on the S. W., is about 10 m. wide. It is subject to heavy swells during S. and S. E. winds. Near its N. side are two rocks called the Cow and Calf, connected with the mainland by a reef. DUNEDIN, a city of New Zealand, capital of the province of Otago, on the S. E. coast of the Middle island, and the S. W. side of the harbor of Otago; pop. in 1871, 14,857; including the suburbs of Roslyn and Caversham, 21,511. The city is well paved, has good supply of water from a reservoir at the head of Water of Leith valley, and is lighted with gas. Among the buildings are the post office, a hospital, and government structures, several banks, the athenæum and mechanics' institute, a masonic hall, and a Presbyterian church, one of the handsomest ecclesiastical buildings in the colony. It is the seat of a Protestant Episcopal and a Roman Catholic bishop, and in 1872 had 12 churches and a synagogue. A regular line of steamers connects Dunedin with Melbourne. The city was founded in 1848, but its more rapid progress dates from 1861, when extensive gold fields were discovered in the neighborhood. DUNFERMLINE, a market town and parliamentary burgh of Fifeshire, Scotland, 13 m. N. W. of Edinburgh; pop. in 1871, 14,958. The houses on its principal streets are generally well built, and many of them have fine gardens. The first factory was established in Dunfermline in 1718, and it has since become one of the most flourishing of the northern manufacturing Dunfermline Abbey. reformation. Beneath its pulpit are the remains of Robert Bruce, which in 1818 were discovered encased in lead. DUNGANNON, a market town and parliamentary borough of Ireland, county Tyrone, 12 m. N. N. W. of Armagh, on the railway from Dundalk to Londonderry; pop. in 1871, 3,955. The town has Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic places of worship, and a classical school founded in the reign of Charles II. There are manufactures of linen and earthenware. Dungannon was anciently the seat of the O'Neils, kings of Ulster. In 1782 the Ulster volunteers issued here their resolutions declaratory of the independence of Ireland. DUNGARVAN, a maritime town and parliamentary borough of Ireland, county Waterford, principally situated on a peninsula in the estuary of the river Colligan, 25 m. W. S. W. of Waterford; pop. in 1871, 7,700. The river Colligan divides the town into two portions, connected by a bridge and causeway; the eastern is called Abbeyside. The public buildings are the provincial bank, a fine structure with granite front, two other banks, an Episcopal and two Roman Catholic churches, two convents, a monastery, a fever hospital, and a military barrack. The exports are chiefly grain, butter, and cattle. The inhabitants are largely engaged in hake and herring fisheries. DUNGLISON, Robley, an American physician and author, born at Keswick, England, Jan. 4, 1798, died in Philadelphia, April 1, 1869. He graduated in medicine at Erlangen, Germany, in 1823, and in 1824 was called to the chair of medicine in the university of Virginia, which he held till 1833. He then accepted the professorship of materia medica and therapeutics in the university of Maryland, and in 1836 that of the institutes of medicine in Jefferson college, Philadelphia, which he held until a year before his death. He was a close student of philology and general literature, and enjoyed a high reputation for benevolence, which was especially exercised in giving time and services to the Philadelphia institution for the blind. His principal publications are: "Principles of Human Physiology" (2 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1832; 8th ed., 1856); "New Dictionary of Medical Science and Literature" (2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1833; 16th ed., revised and enlarged, under the title of "A Dictionary of Medical Science," 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1865); "Elements of Hygiene" (Philadelphia, 1835; 2d ed., entitled "Human Health," 1844); "General Therapeutics" (8vo, 1836; 6th ed., 1857); "Medical Student" (8vo, 1837); "New Remedies" (1839; 7th ed., 1856); "Practice of Medicine" (2 vols., 1842; 3d ed., 1848). Dr. Dunglison also translated and edited several foreign medical works. A memoir by his son, Dr. R. J. Dunglison, was published in 1870. DUNKELD, a town of Perthshire, Scotland, on the left bank of the Tay, 14 m. N. W. of Perth; pop. about 1,000. It lies in a picturesque valley, surrounded by mountains. W. of the town, near a bridge crossing the Tay, are the ruins of a cathedral of mixed Gothic and Saxon architecture, whose choir was built in 1330 by Bishop Sinclair. Bishop Lauder finished the nave in 1450, and the chapter house in 1469. The tower was completed in 1501. The building was 120 ft. long and 60 broad. The choir was repaired by the duke of Athol in 1845, and now forms the parish church. The unroofed nave and aisles are used as a cemetery, and contain some interesting monuments. The cathedral was held by a body of lowlanders against the highlanders after the battle of Killiecrankie, in 1689. It is said that the Culdees had a settlement here in 729. About 850 Kenneth II. removed the relics of St. Columba hither, and this was the seat of the primacy of Scotland until supplanted by St. Andrews. The old residence of the dukes of Athol is near by, and was partly rebuilt in 1830. It contains in its grounds two larches said to be the first brought into Britain. Dunkeld contains, besides the parish church, Free and Independent churches, and a royal grammar school founded by James VI. DUNKERS, or Tunkers, a religious denomination founded in 1708, at Schwarzenau, Germany, by Alexander Mack and seven others, who, without any knowledge of the existence of other Baptists, were led by reading the Bible to the rejection of predobaptism. The name Dunker or Tunker (from the German tunken, to dip) was originally given them as a nickname to distinguish them from the Mennonites. They are also called Tumblers from their mode of baptism, which is by putting the person while kneeling head first under water. They are also called German Baptists, while they themselves take the name of Brethren. In Germany they established two societies in addition to the original congregation, but these were soon driven by persecution to Crefeld and Hollani, while the congregation removed voluntarily to Friesland. Between 1719 and 1729 they all errugrated to America, to which the denomination has since been confined. They are most nomerous in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginis, Ohio, and Indiana. In 1859 they had 2 churches and about 8,000 members, since which there has been little change. Their church government is nearly the same as that of other Baptists, except that every brother is allowed to exhort. When they find a man apt to teach, they choose him to be their minister, and ordain him by the laying on of hands, attended with fasting and prayer and giving the right hand of fellowship. They also have deacons and deaconesses. From among the teachers who have been tried they choose bishops. An elder among them is, in general, the first c oldest chosen teacher in a congregation which has no bishop. Their annual meeting in May is attended by the bishops, teachers, and other rep resentatives chosen by the congregations. Important cases brought before these meetings are in general decided by a committee of five of the oldest bishops. They use great plainness of dress and language, like the society of Friends; and, like them, they neither take oaths nor fight. They will not go to law, and until lately the taking of interest on money was not allowed among them. They celebrate the Lor 2s supper, with accompanying usages of love feasts, the washing of feet, the kiss of charity, and the right hand of fellowship. They anoint the sick with oil for recovery, and use trine inmersion, with laying on of hands and prayer, even while the person baptized is in the water. They believe in general redemption, though it is with them not an article of faith.-From the Dunkers, as a sect, must be distinguished the Seventh Day Dunkers, also called the German Seventh Day Baptists. They were established by Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany, whɔ had been educated for the ministry at Hale, When a member of the Dunker society at M bach (Mill Creek), Lancaster co., Pa., he published (1725) a tract to prove that the seventh day, and not the first day, was established by Jehovah for ever as the sabbath. This created some disturbance in the society, and be retired to a hermitage on the banks of the Cocalico. Ile was discovered and joined by many of the ciety at Mill Creek, who settled around him in isolated cottages, establishing the first commanity of Seventh Day Dunkers in 179. In 172 a monastic society was established, constituting, with the buildings subsequently erected by the community, the irregular enclosed village of Ephrata. The habit of the Capuchins or wire friars was adopted by both the brethren and sisters. Monastic names were given to all wi entered the cloister. In 1740 there were 5 single brethren in the cloister and 35 est DUNKIRK and at one time the society, including the members living in the neighborhood, numbered nearly 300. The property which belonged to the society by donation, and the labor of the single brethren and sisters, were common stock; but none were obliged to throw in their own property or give up any of their possessions. They considered celibacy a virtue, but never required it, nor did they take any vows in refWhen two wished to be joined erence to it. in wedlock, they were aided by the society. In the earlier days the idea of a universal restoration existed among them; but it has never been taught as an article of faith. About 1740, 40 years before the present general system of Sunday school instruction was introduced by Robert Raikes, Ludwig Hoecker (Brother Obed) established a Sunday school, which was mainAfter 1777 tained for upward of 30 years. the society at Ephrata began to decline, and of the peculiar features of the early Seventh Day Dunkers few traces are now to be found there. A branch of the society was established in 1758 at the Bermudian creek, in York co., AnPa., of which likewise but little is left. other branch established in 1763 at Bedford still flourishes. Their principal settlement is now at Snowhill, on the Antietam creek, in Franklin co., Pa. DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque), the most northern town of France, in the department of Le Nord, on the strait of Dover, 150 m. N. of Paris; lat. 51° 2' N., lon. 2° 22' E.; pop. in 1866, 33,083. It is a flourishing place, with an active commerce and manufactories of soap, beet-root sugar, leather, and starch, besides iron works and yards for ship building. Its fisheries are important, especially those of cod and herring, and employ about 100 vessels. The town contains many public buildings, including the town hall built in 1642, the church of St. Eloi, a high bell tower, hospitals, prisons, &c. The port is shallow, but the roadstead is good, and the progress of the commerce of the town since it was made a free port in 1826 has been rapid. The entrances in 1870 were 2,917 vessels, of which 872 were steamers, with a tonnage of 494,576.-The origin of Dunkirk is said to have been a chapel founded by St. Eloi in the 7th century, around which a number of fishing huts were erected. Charles V. defended it with a castle, which has been demolished. It was afterward taken by the English, who lost it again in 1558; and in 1559 it was acquired from the French by the Spaniards, whom the duke d'Enghien (afterward the renowned Condé) drove out in 1646. It soon passed again into the hands of Spain, and was once more taken by the French in 1658, who gave it up to Cromwell in accordance with a previous treaty. Charles II. sold it to France in 1662, and Louis XIV. strengthened its defences. The English made an ineffectual attempt to bombard it in 1695. After the peace of Utrecht its fortifications were dismantled and its port was filled up; the former, having been restored, were again demolished at the DUNKIRK, a village and port of entry of DUNKLIN, a S. E. county of Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, bounded W. by the St. Francis river, intersected by Castor river, and having Lake Pemiscot on its E. border; area, The surface is occupied about 700 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,982, of whom 166 were colored." in great part by prairies and swamps, but the soil is generally fertile where not overflowed. Efforts have been made to reclaim the sunken The chief productions in 1870 were lands, caused by the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. 256,620 bushels of Indian corn, and 5,267 of wheat. There were 1,211 horses, 1,697 milch cows, 3,251 other cattle, 2,622 sheep, and 11,376 swine. Capital, Kennet. DUNLAP, William, an American painter and 1766, died Sept. 28, 1839. In his 17th year author, born in Perth Amboy, N. J., Feb. 19, of 1783 executed one of Washington. The he began to paint portraits, and in the summer next spring he went to London, and for several years was a pupil of Benjamin West. After his return to America he tried various pursuits, including painting, literary work, theatrical management, &c.; but at the age of 51, a painter. He executed a series of pictures on after repeated failures, he became permanently subjects selected by West and somewhat after his style, which were exhibited in various parts of the United States. He was also one of the founders of the New York academy of design. His "History of the American Theatre," published in 1832, and "Arts of Design in the He also wrote a number of plays, United States," are standard works of much interest. a biography of Charles Brockden Brown, and a "History of the New Netherlands" (2 vols. 8vo, 1840). DUN-LE-ROI, a town of France, in the department of Cher, on the Auron, 16 m. S. E. of Bourges; pop. in 1866, 5,454. It was formerly a very important town, and in the 12th century was strongly fortified. There are iron mines and quarries of lithographic stone in the neighborhood. DUNN, a N. W. county of Wisconsin, intersected by Chippewa and Cedar rivers; area, 850 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,488. The surface is uneven and generally covered with forests. The soil is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 204,346 bushels of wheat, 71,574 of Indian corn, 233,404 of oats, 45,069 of potatoes, 12,329 tons of hay, and 209,830 lbs. of butter. There were 1,567 horses, 2,813 milch cows, 4,512 other cattle, 4,182 sheep, and 4,214 swine; 3 flour mills, 1 planing mill, 14 saw mills, and 2 machine shops. Capital, Menomonee. natural son of Louis, duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI., he early gained warlike distinction under the appellation of the bastard of Orleans. In 1427, in conjunction with lahire, he raised the siege of Montargis, then ocsLİ by the English. In 1428 he threw himself into Orleans, which was hard pressed by a powerful English army, and upheld the spirit of the troops and citizens until they were relieved in April, 1429, by Joan of Arc. Dunois then became a faithful follower of the heroine, sharing in all her exploits, and particularly in her victory at Patay. In 1432 he recovered Chartres by stratagem; and in 1456 he was one of the generals who marched into Paris, to help the citizens in driving out the English. Several measures adopted by the government of Charles VII. were obnoxious to the nobles, and Dunois in 1440 took part in the rebellion headed by the dauphin, and known as La Praguerie; but he soon became reconciled with Charles, and in 1449 received the title of lieutenant general of the king, with command of the principal force for the invasion of Normandy. In less than a year, chiefly by his activity, skill, and prudence, all the cites, towns, and fortresses of Normandy were recovered. In 1451 he led his victorious army into Guienne, stormed the town of Blaye on the Gironde, and within three months comple DUNNING, John, Lord Ashburton, an English lawyer, born in Ashburton, Devonshire, Oct. 18, 1731, died in Exmouth, Aug. 18, 1783. At the age of 19 he went to London, where he was admitted to the bar in 1756. For a long time he obtained little practice; but having been employed in 1762 to draw up the defence of the English merchants against the Dutch East India company, he gained much reputa-'ted the conquest of that province, Bordeaux intion, which was soon afterward increased by the able manner in which he conducted the case of Wilkes. In 1768 he was elected to parliament, where he sat in the house of commons until he was raised to the peerage in 1782. In 1770 he resigned the office of solicitor general, which he had held for three years. In 1782 he was appointed chancellor of the duchy | of Lancaster. He was a strong opponent of the administration during most of the American war; but his reputation is tarnished by his acceptance of a pension of £4,000 after he was raised to the peerage, although he had before objected to the needless and burdensome amount of the pension list, and was very wealthy. DUNNOTTAR, a parish of Kincardineshire, Scotland, on the shore of the North sea, noted for its castle, S. of Stonehaven, now in ruins, which stands on the summit of a perpendicular cliff, 160 ft. high, projecting into the sea, with a deep chasm between it and the mainland; it is approached only by a steep winding path. Sir William Wallace captured it in 1297, at which period it was regarded as one of the strongest places in the kingdom; and the privy council selected it during the wars of the commonwealth as the depository of the regalia of Scotland. It was defended long after every other fortress in Britain had passed into the hands of the protector, but was finally forced to surrender. In 1685 Dunnottar castle became the prison of many of the Covenanters. After the rebellion of 1715 it was dismantled. DUNOIS, Jean, comte de, a French soldier, born Nov. 23, 1402, died Nov. 28, 1468. The cluded, which for 300 years had been in the hands of the English kings. Nothing was how left them on the continent except the city Calais and its vicinity As a reward for s services Dunois was appointed grand chan.'»rlain to the king. After the accession of Louis XI. he was deprived of some of his offices, and joined in 1465 the rebellious league of the great lords, which assumed the name of "league of the public weal;" but on the conclusion of the peace at Conflans, he was restored to Lis former offices. DUNS SCOTUS, John, a scholastic theolozian of the 13th century, born probably in Durse. Berwickshire, Scotland, about 1270, died in Cologne in 1308. He was educated at Oxford, cũ tered the order of St. Francis, and taughte ology and philosophy first at Oxford, and then, his fame having spread all over Europe, at l'aris. The acumen and subtlety of his reasoning obtained for him the cognomen of doctor a tilis. The controversies between Duns and Thomas Aquinas on the relation of human perception to real objects, and on various ro gious doctrines, were continued for a long t’Le by their respective disciples, who were Scotists and Thomists. The reasoning of D.20 goes to show that the knowledge derived tro cu human conceptions and experience is real and trustworthy, inasmuch as the fundama. ideas upon which human knowledge rests are identical with the absolute substance A sale) of existing objects. Reality is the "tion of the absolute substance by individua" 11. or, in the quaint terminology of Duns, the Aino ceitas, which might be rendered as the this-andthat-ity. Every existing being consists of substance and privation or limitation, while God is the unlimited absolute substance. The possibilities of limitations or individuations of substance are infinite, and hence follows the existence of accidental chances or occurrences; and hence the free will of individual man and his corresponding responsibility to God. The supernatural knowledge which cannot be derived from real experience is afforded by the Bible, but it is the province of philosophy to show the conformity of the teachings of the Bible with reason. The works of Duns were published by Wadding (12 vols. folio, Lyons, 1639). DUNSTABLE, a town and parish of Bedfordshire, England, 29 m. N. W. of London, on the Great Northern railway; pop. in 1871, 4,558. The parish church is part of a celebrated priory founded in 1131 by Henry I. The town is the principal seat of the British straw plait manufacture. DUNSTAN, Saint, an English prelate and statesman, born near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, in 925, died May 19, 988. Under the patronage of his uncle, the archbishop of Canterbury, he passed some years at the court of Athelstan; but the jealousy of courtiers depriving him of the king's favor, he retired to Winchester, and devoted himself to a monastic life. He built a cell against the wall of Glastonbury church, and there passed his time in prayer, fasting, and manual labor, transcribing manuscripts, painting, and fashioning utensils of metal for the use of the altar. About 942 he became abbot of the then ruined monastery of Glastonbury, and received from King Edmund authority to restore it at the royal charge. In the succeeding reign of Edred his power became almost absolute in the national councils. He restored the strictness of ecclesiastical discipline, and brought the Benedictines into England, but on the accession of Edwy was banished from the kingdom. His share in the story of Edwy and Elgiva has brought him into odium with all believers in that much discussed romance, the facts of which are yet unsettled. Edgar recalled the exiled abbot, doubled his honors, made him bishop of the united sees of Worcester and London, and in 959 advanced him to the primacy as archbishop of Canterbury. The prelate ruled both the monarch and the kingdom. He meted out justice with a stern hand, built up the power of the church, placed Benedictines in the livings of the disorderly secular clergy, and forced the king to do a seven years' penance for a sin of licentiousness. On Edgar's death his influence raised Edward to the throne, to the exclusion of a younger son, Ethelred; but on the accession of the latter in 978 his power was broken, and he retired to Canterbury, and there died. Of the writings attributed to him, only the "Concord of Monastic Rule" is known to be authentic. His life, edited by the Rev. J. R. Green, master of the rolls, was published in London in 1872. VOL. VI.-21 DUNSTER, Henry, the first president of Harvard college, inaugurated Aug. 27, 1640, died Feb. 27, 1659. He was president till 1654, when, having become a supporter of the principles of the modern Baptists, he was persuaded to resign his office. He was respected as a modest and pious man, and esteemed an excellent oriental scholar.-See "Life of Dunster," by J. Chaplin (Boston, 1872). DUNTON, John, an English bookseller and author, born in Graff ham, Huntingdonshire, May 4, 1659, died in 1733. He was apprenticed to a bookseller in London, engaged in business for himself, came to New England in March, 1686, with a cargo of books, where he remained about eight months, and after his return embarked again in business, with little success. He conducted a weekly publication called "The Athenian Mercury," resolving all the most nice and curious questions proposed by the inquiring, of which 20 volumes appeared. A selection was made from this in four volumes, called "The Athenian Oracle." He wrote voluminously on religion, ethics, and politics. He gives us, in his "Life and Errors of John Dunton " (London, 1705 and 1818), the "lives and characters of more than 1,000 contemporary divines and other persons of literary eminence," and relates many curious facts in relation to the bookselling business, describing the ministers, booksellers, and other citizens of Boston and Salem. His "Letters from New England," edited by W. H. Whitmore, were published by the Prince society in 1867. DUODECIMAL, proceeding by twelves, a term properly applied to an arithmetical scale using 11 digits and a cipher, which has been zealously advocated as an improvement upon ordinary decimal arithmetic. Thus if we use g for ten, and g for eleven, the number 275 may be written 1gg. But the term duodecimal is also given to the system of compound numbers sometimes used by artificers in calculating surfaces and solidities from measures taken in feet and inches. Duodecimals in the second sense are considered by most mathematicians as worthless, and in the first sense as not having sufficient superiority over decimals to counterbalance the inconvenience of making a change. DU PAGE, a N. E. county of Illinois, drained by the E. and W. branches of Du Page river; area, 340 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 16,685. It has a level surface, occupied in great part by prairies. The soil is exceedingly fertile. The Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy railroads traverse it, and the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad crosses the S. E. corner. The Illinois and Michigan canal passes along the S. E. border. The chief productions in 1870 were 106,789 bushels of wheat, 331,981 of Indian corn, 860,809 of oats, 72,062 of barley, 141,599 of potatoes, 52,430 tons of hay, 58,504 lbs. of cheese, 548,453 of butter, and 153,611 of wool. There were 6,247 horses, 10,888 milch cows, |