7,621 other cattle, 26,932 sheep, and 9,253 | the occupation of Orleans by the German swine; 15 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 2 of machinery, 8 of saddlery and harness, 2 breweries, and 6 flour mills. Capital, Naperville. DUPANLOUP, Félix Antoine Philippe, a French prelate, born at St. Félix, Savoy, Jan. 3, 1802. He was brought up in the house of his uncle, a country priest, and in his eighth year was placed at school in Paris. He was ordained priest in 1825, and attached for three years as catechist to the parish of the Assumption. In 1827 he was appointed confessor to the young duke of Bordeaux (now the count de Chambord), in 1828 catechist to the Orleans princes, and in 1830 chaplain to the dauphiness, duchess d'Angoulême, daughter of Louis XVI. In 1834 he opened the course of conferences or dogmatic lectures in the cathedral. In 1837 he was appointed superior of the diocesan seminary, and also named vicar general of Paris. Under Archbishop Affre he resigned that office, and in 1849 was nominated to the see of Orleans. In this new career he gave full scope to his plans of Christian education. He opened a school in his own residence, in which he acted as professor, and endeavored in all the establishments under his control to raise the standard of instruction to the highest degree of excellence. At that period a great rivalry existed between the university lyceums or colleges and the schools unauthorized by government. Bishop Dupanloup's efforts and success met with no favor from the administration. It was also at that time that the controversy about the classics arose, growing out of the publication of Abbé Gaume's Ver rongeur, in which the use of pagan authors in Christian schools was denounced. The Univers and its editor, Veuillot, advocated Gaume's views, and a large portion of the French bishops and clergy coincided in them. Bishop Dupanloup was supported by the remaining members of the episcopate. The pope, however, interfered and made peace between the parties. In 1848 Dupanloup was instrumental in having the first French expeditionary corps sent to the Papal States; and during the whole period of Napoleon's power he was the foremost defender of the temporal independence of the holy see. In 1863, in conjunction with eight other bishops, he issued an address to the French electors, which drew on him the censure of the minister of public worship. Bishop Dupanloup published in November, 1869, a pastoral letter, giving his own private opinion concerning the question of papal infallibility; and a public correspondence on the subject between him and Archbishop Manning excited much attention before the assembling of the council. In Rome, like Archbishop Darboy, he maintained a firm but respectful opposition; and, like him, he was among the first to accept the decree of infallibility when it came. During troops in 1870 the bishop obtained a mitigation of many of the harsh measures of the military commanders. At the end of the war his people sent him as their representative to the national assembly. There he showed himself favorable to a constitutional monarchy under the reunited house of Bourbon, and advocated a perfect system of education for France, as well as the traditional right of his country to protect the holy see. His principal works are: Exposition des principales vérités de la foi catholique (2 vols., 1832); Methode générale de catéchisme (2 vols., 1841); Elean de rhétorique sacrée (1841); L'Éducation (3 vols., 1855-7); Euvres choisies (4 vols., 1861); and Histoire de N. S. Jésus-Christ (1872). DUPATY, Charles Marguerite Jean Baptiste Mercier, a French jurist, born in La Rochelle, May 9, 1746, died in Paris, Sept. 17, 1788. In 1768 he became advocate general at the parliament of Bordeaux, strongly defended the privileges of the French parliaments against the encroachments of the crown, and was imprisoned. He wrote Réflexions historiques sur le droit criminel, and Lettres sur la procédure crimi nelle de France (1788), containing views subsequently embodied in the Code Napoleon, DUPERREY, Louis Isidor, a Freneli naval of cer, born in Paris, Oct. 21, 1786, died Sept. 10, 1865. He entered the navy in 1802, be came an ensign in 1811, and was sent in that year to make a hydrographic survey of the coast of Tuscany, which he accomplished in spite of the English cruisers and the hostility of the inhabitants. From 1817 to 1820 be was with Freycinet on his voyage of discovery, in which he had charge of the hydrographic explorations and charts. On his return to France he was promoted to lieutenant, and in 1822 he commanded an expedition for scicu observation in Oceania and on the coast of South America. During a voyage of 32 months he made investigations in hydrography, WKnetism, and meteorology, and on the figure of the earth, and collected many thousands of specimens illustrative of zoology and botany. He published a large number of scientific trestises and many maps and charts. His m important researches were in terrestrial magnetism, and he determined accurately the po sitions of the magnetic poles and the figure of the magnetic equator. DUPERRON, Jacques Davy, a French earl'ral born in St. Lô, Normandy, Nov. 15, 1556, died in Paris, Sept. 5, 1618. He received his eltcation in Switzerland, whither his father, who had given up the practice of medicine to lecome a Protestant minister, had removed to escape persecution. At the age of 2) he went to Paris, where he abjured Protestant sm. Brought to the notice of Henry III., he was appointed reader to the king. Altheart a layman, he was selected to preach before the king and court; and some of his sermholes w› B him so much praise that he took orders. On the death of Mary Stuart he was chosen to | pronounce her eulogy, in which he spoke so harshly of Queen Elizabeth that the king thought it necessary to disavow his sentiments. Toward the end of the reign of Henry III. he became the confidant of the cardinal de Bourbon, and he has been accused of selling his secrets to Henry IV. He acquired the favor of the latter monarch, who created him in 1591 bishop of Evreux; and he was the chief agent in inducing Henry to abandon the reformed religion. After the taking of Paris he went to Rome and persuaded the pope to remove the interdict which had been placed upon France. In 1600 he was successful in a theological disputation, held before the court at Fontainebleau, over Duplessis-Mornay. In 1604 he was sent to Rome with the title of chargé des affaires of France, and the same year received a cardinal's hat from Clement VIII. He contributed greatly to the election of Leo XI. in 1605, and in the same year to that of Paul V., so that French influence was retained at the papal court. For these services he was made archbishop of Sens and grand almoner to the king. The principal controversial works of Duperron were collected and published in Paris in 1622 (3 vols. folio). He wrote also a number of hymns, ballads, and poetical satires, a poem entitled L'Ombre de l'amiral de Joyeuse, and translated into French verse a portion of the Eneid and some of the odes of Horace. 1783, died Nov. 10, 1865. He was early distinguished as a learned lawyer and an able speaker. A member of the chamber of deputies in 1815, he opposed the motion to proclaim the son of Napoleon I. emperor after his father's second abdication. The same year, in conjunction with Berryer, he was appointed counsel for Marshal Ney, and, gaining great popularity by his defence, was chosen to defend many political offenders. Among his most famous speeches were those in behalf of Béranger in 1821, and of the Journal des Débats on the eve of the revolution of 1830. Having become a member of the chamber of deputies, it was in great part through his exertions in that body that the duke of Orleans secured the crown, and he became a member of Louis Philippe's first cabinet. From 1832 to 1840 he was president of the chamber of deputies, and from 1849 to 1851 of the legislative assembly. He made some show of opposition to the government of Louis Napoleon, was taken unawares by the coup d'état of Dec. 2, but declined all participation or responsibility in the parliamentary resistance, and retained his office of attorney general. This, however, he resigned on the publication of the imperial decrees of 1852 confiscating the Orleans property; in 1857 he was reinstated. His writings, mainly on legal subjects, are numerous. His bons mots were renowned. II. Pierre Charles François, baron, brother of the preceding, born at Varzy, Oct. 6, 1784, died in Paris in January, DU PETIT-THOUARS, Abel Anbert, a French 1873. He entered the navy as an engineer, naval officer, born Aug. 3, 1793, died March and was actively employed in France and 17, 1864. He entered the navy in 1804, and the Ionian islands. In 1812 a series of sciwas rapidly promoted. From 1837 to 1839 he entific papers attracted the attention of the was engaged in circumnavigating the globe as academy of sciences. During 1814 and 1815 commander of the ship Vénus. He was after- he evinced liberal opinions, but finally adhered ward made rear admiral and put in command to the Bourbons. In 1816 he visited Great of the fleet in the Pacific. He proposed to his Britain, to examine the general resources of government the establishment of a protecto- the United Kingdom. The results of his travrate over the Society islands; and in 1842, els, continued for more than four years, apwhen three French Catholic missionaries were peared in his Voyages dans la Grande Bretagne expelled from Tahiti at the instigation of the (6 vols., Paris, 1820-24), and his Force commerEnglish missionaries there, he visited that isl-ciale de la Grande Bretagne (1826). He caused and, demanded reparation, and with the aid of some chiefs placed the island under a French protectorate. In the same year he established a French protectorate over the Marquesas islands; and in 1843, when the English missionary and consul Pritchard persuaded the natives of Tahiti to rise against the French, he drove Pritchard from the island and took possession in the name of France of the whole Society group. At the demand of the English government Du Petit-Thouars was then recalled, and on his return declined the ovations offered him by the opponents of the government. In 1846 he was made vice admiral, and in 1849 elected to the legislative assembly from the department of Maine-et-Loire. He wrote Voyage autour du monde (10 vols., with 180 illustrations, Paris, 1840–49). DUPIN. I. André Marie Jean Jacques, a French lawyer and politician, born at Varzy, Feb. 1, | In gratuitous lectures on the application of science connected by canals with the Volga, the Dnieper, the Beresina, the Niemen, and Lake Ilmen. Its waters abound in fish. DÜNABURG, or Dvinaburg, a fortified town of Russia, in the government of Vitebsk, on the Düna, 110 m. S. E. of Riga; pop. in 1868, 27,822. It has a considerable trade and famous annual fairs. The principal exports are flax, hemp, tallow, and timber. It is connected by railway with Riga, St. Petersburg, and Kharkov. The fortress, built in 1825, on a site chosen by Stephen Báthori in 1582, is an important strategical point. Dünaburg was founded by the Livonian knights in the 13th century, and was successively annexed to Poland, Sweden, and Russia, and has remained in the possession of the latter power since 1772. DUNBAR, a seaport town of Haddingtonshire, Scotland, at the mouth of the frith of Forth, 27 m. E. by N. of Edinburgh; pop. in 1871, 3,320. It has manufactories of soap, iron, steam engines, sail cloth, and cordage, and some trade. Vessels of 300 tons can enter the harbor, but the navigation is somewhat dangerous. Dunbar is a place of great antiquity, and its castle, now in ruins, was formerly a famous stronghold. In 1296 the Scots were defeated here with great slaughter by the English army of Edward I. In 1337 Black Agnes, countess of Dunbar, defended the castle for nearly five months against the earl of Salisbury. Another important battle was fought near this town in 1650 between Cromwell with 11,000 men and Gen. Lesley at the head of a Scottish army twice as large, in which the latter was decisively defeated. of verse. DUNBAR, William, a Scottish poet, born in Salton about 1460, died about 1525. He received the degree of master of arts from the university of St. Andrews in 1479, became a Franciscan friar, and travelled over England and France. Returning to Scotland, he was received at the court of James IV., whom he delighted with his poetical compositions, and with the charms of his conversation. His poems show a mastery of almost every kind Some of them were printed in 1508; many remained for two centuries in manuscript, but their fame has steadily increased since their publication at Edinburgh and Perth in 1770 and 1778. "The Thistle and Rose" was a nuptial song to celebrate the marriage of King James IV. with the princess Margaret of England. "The Dance" is an imaginative poem, in which Mahoun (a name of Satan derived from Mohammed) asks his principal ministers to entertain him with a mummery, whereupon the seven deadly sins present themselves and deliver verses, which are severe criticisms upon the vices of the time. The short poem of "The Merle and Nightingale" is a picture of the contest between earthly and spiritual affections, the merle recommending a lusty life in love's service, and the nightingale declaring that all love is lost but upon God alone. All the poems of | Dunbar abound in allegory. A complete edition was published in Edinburgh in 1824 by David Laing, with a life of the poet. DUNCAN, king of Scotland. See MACBETH. DUNCAN, Adam, Viscount Duncan of Camperdown, a British admiral, born in Dundee, Scotland, July 1, 1731, died near Edinburgh, Aug. 4, 1804. He early entered the navy, was made a post captain in 1761, and distinguished himself under Keppel in the attack on Havana. In 1780 he was placed in command of a ship under Rodney, and in the engagement off Cape St. Vincent was the first to bring his vessel into action, capturing one of the heaviest of the Spanish ships. In 1787 he became rear admiral, and in 1795 admiral of the blue. In the latter year he took command of the united English and Russian squadron in the North sea, where within two years he annihilated the Dutch commerce. In 1797 he blockaded a large fleet under De Winter in the waters of the Texel, when a serious mutiny broke out in his own squadron. Insubordination had become general in the British 'navy, and Duncan had but two ships faithful to him. Yet when he advanced against the mutineers, their dissensions caused several of their ships to drop the red flag and return to duty, and the sedition was quickly ended. The Russian fleet was withdrawn. Duncan put into Yarmouth roads for repairs and provisions, where intelligence was brought to him that De Winter had put to sea. He immediately set sail, and with a favorable wind and by a masterly manœuvre placed himself between the Dutch and their retreat. The two fleets met between Camperdown and Eginont, within five miles of the coast, Oct. 11. De Winter was drawing fast toward the land, but Duncan began the action without waiting to form a line. De Winter maintained the contest for some time with his own flag ship after the rest of his fleet had either been captured or had quitted the action, and struck his colors only when his ship was entirely disabled. The loss of the English was 1,030 killed and wounded, while that of the Dutch was considerably greater. The English took nine sail of the line and two frigates. The victory created the utmost enthusiasm in England, where it was hailed as a presage of the downfall of the maritime power of Holland, long the most formidable rival of England on the seas. Duncan was rewarded with a peerage and a pension of £2,000. mained in active service against the Batavian republic till 1800, after which he retired. He re DUNCAN, Thomas, a Scottish artist, born at Kinclaven, Perthshire, May 24, 1807, died in Edinburgh, May 25, 1845. He was professor of coloring and drawing in the academy of Edinburgh, and an associate of the royal academy. His picture of "Charles Edward asleep after the battle of Culloden, protected by Flora McDonald," has been frequently engraved. Among the finest of his other pieces are "Charles Edward and the Highlanders enter ing Edinburgh, after the Battle of Preston- | education at the high school and university of pans," and the "Martyrdom of John Brown of Priesthill." He excelled in portraits, of which he executed a large number. DUNCKER. I. Karl, a German publisher, born in Berlin, March 25, 1781, died there, July 15, 1869. He was a clerk in a Leipsic and Berlin publishing house, and established in 1809 a house in the latter city, of which he became the sole proprietor in 1828, after the death of his partner Peter Humblot. The writings of Hegel, Ranke, and other celebrated authors were issued from his press. He sold his establishment in 1866 to K. Geibel of Leipsic, who continues it under the old firm name of Duncker and Humblot. II. Maximilian Wolfgang, a German historian, son of the preceding, born in Berlin, Oct. 15, 1811. He graduated at Halle, and became professor there in 1842. In 1848 he was a member of the Frankfort parliament and of the Prussian diet. His published strictures on the Prussian foreign minister, Manteuffel, interfering with his promotion at Halle, he went in 1857 as professor to Tübingen, and on the formation of the Hohenzollern cabinet went in 1858 to Berlin as an assistant in the ministry of state. In 1861 he was appointed councillor of the crown prince, and in 1867 director of the Prussian archives. His principal work is Geschichte des Alterthums (4 vols., Berlin, 1852-'7).—His brother, FRANZ GUSTAV, born June 4, 1822, a publisher of Berlin, was a leader of the German progressive party in 1848, member of the Prussian diet in 1861, a founder of trades unions in 1869, and in 1871 the chief of a movement for the promotion of culture among the people by a German national union. Another brother, HERMANN, is also prominent as a liberal politician. DUNDALK, a seaport town and parliamentary borough of Ireland, in the county Louth, near the mouth of the Castletown river, 45 m. N. of Dublin; pop. in 1871, 10,893. It has a good harbor on Dundalk bay, and contains a number of schools and literary and benevolent institutions. The manufactures comprise flax spinning, machinery, and agricultural implements, ropes, soap, leather, pins, and starch; and there are also flour mills, breweries, and distilleries. Its trade is important and increasing, especially in agricultural products, which are largely exported. It is connected by railway with Belfast, Drogheda, and Dublin. Edinburgh, and was admitted to the bar in 1763. His celebrity as an advocate gained him the appointment of solicitor general in 1773; he was returned to the house of commons for the county of Edinburgh in 1774, and was made lord advocate of Scotland in 1775. He was afterward member of parliament for the city of Edinburgh till his advancement to the peerage. Though he had been a supporter of the administration of Lord North, his familiarity with affairs made him a valuable accession to the administrations of Rockingham and Shelburne, which quickly succeeded, in the second of which he held the office of treasurer of the navy. This ministry was obliged to give way before the combined opposition of Fox and Lord North, who came together in 1783 to form the coalition ministry, the opposition to which was headed by Pitt and Dundas. The latter had been appointed chairman of a secret committee of the house of commons to inquire into the condition of British India and the causes of the war in the Carnatic, and he made an elaborate report, in which he exhibited a complete mastery of the subject. When Pitt was called to the helm of affairs with a majority in parliament against him, he was powerfully aided by Dundas, who again held the office of treasurer of the navy, and in Pitt's absence led the ministerial party in the house of commons, and whose dexterity as a debater and minute acquaintance with Indian matters were of especial value in carrying Pitt's India bill through parliament against a very serious opposition. Dundas became president of the board of control under this bill in 1791, and entered the cabinet as secretary of state for the home department. He exchanged this post for that of secretary of war in 1794, when he introduced a bill for restoring the estates in Scotland forfeited on account of the rebellion of 1745. The investigations of Dundas into eastern affairs originated those discussions which terminated in the impeachment of Warren Hastings; but he took no active part either for or against Hastings. He was the principal supporter of Pitt during the wars with France, and resigned his offices upon the retirement of that statesman in 1801, when he laid before parliament a favorable statement of the condition of the East India company's affairs. In 1802 he was raised to the peerage with the titles of Viscount Melville and Baron Duneira, and on Mr. Pitt's return to power in 1804 became first lord of the admiralty. He quickly retired from this office, having incurred a charge of vio DUNDAS, an E. county of the province of Ontario, Canada, bordering on the St. Lawrence river, which separates it from New York; area, 377 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 18,777. It is intersected by the Rivière de la Petite Nation, and crossed by the Grand Trunk railway. Its cap-lating one of the statutes which he himself ital, Morrisburg, is a port of entry, and a stopping point for steamers plying between Montreal, Kingston, and Hamilton. DUNDAS, Henry, Viscount Melville, a British statesman, born in Edinburgh about 1741, died there, May 27, 1811. He was of the ancient family of Dundas of Arniston, received his had proposed, by which the treasurer was forbidden to receive any perquisites or make any private or individual use of the public money. The articles of impeachment were prepared by the most celebrated leaders of the opposition, and the trial opened April 29, 1806. It resulted in the acquittal of Lord Melville by triumphant majorities. From this time he took part only occasionally in the debates of the house of lords, and spent the most of his time in Scotland. Edinburgh contains two public monuments to his memory. He published several political pamphlets. His only son, ROBERT, second Viscount Melville, born March 14, 1771, was first lord of the admiralty in 1812-'27, during which time several arctic voyages were organized, and some discoveries were named after him. He again held the office in 1828-'80, and died June 10, 1851. DUNDEE, a royal and parliamentary burgh and seaport town of Forfarshire, Scotland, on the left bank of the estuary of the Tay, 36 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh; pop. in 1871, 118,974. It occupies the declivity of a hill, whose summit is 525 ft. above the level of the sea, and is rather irregularly built. The modern streets are spacious and handsome. The principal Dundee. public edifices are the churches, which are very numerous, the old Gothic tower, 156 ft. high, the town hall, custom house, exchange, infirm ary, lunatic asylum, industrial school, orphan institution, academy, and savings bank. In the centre of the town is a large market place, from which the principal streets diverge. Some of the docks are large and magnificent. King William's dock has an area of 6 acres, Earl Grey's of 5 acres, and the Victoria dock of 14 acres. There are also several fine quays. The manufactures of coarse linen fabrics, which employ about 25,000 hands, and of jute, exceed those of any other place in Great Britain. It has also extensive manufactures of gloves and leather. Ship building, as well of iron as of wood, is also carried on. The commerce of Dundee is very considerable. In 1871 2,559 vessels of 418,401 tons entered the port. The exports to the United States in 1871 amounted to about £1,200,000, being an increase of £200,000 over those of the preceding year. There are railway connections with Perth and Edinburgh. Dundee is governed by a provost, four bailies, a dean of guild, a treasurer, and 21 councillors.-During the reigns of the Scottish kings Dundee was one of their places of residence. At the period of the reformation it was called "the second Geneva" for its zeal in behalf of Protestantism. In 1645 it was besieged, taken, and plundered by Montrose. In 1651 it was stormed by Gen. Monk, and a sixth part of its inhabitants massacred. A splendid public park, the gift of Sir David Baxter, was presented to the people of Dundee, Sept. 9, 1862, on which occasion a statue of the donor was unveiled. DUNDONALD, Thomas Cochrane, earl of, more commonly known as Lord Cochrane, an English admiral, born Dec. 14, 1775, died Oct. 31, 1860. He was the eldest son of Archibald, ninth earl of Dundonald. At the age of 17 he entered the naval ser vice, and during the war with France signalized himself in many actions. Some of his exploits in capturing vessels against great odds are among the most brilliant in the history of the British navy. In 1801 he was made a post captain for the capture of a Spanish frigate of far superior force to his own. In 1809 he successfully led a fleet of fire ships among the French fleet at anchor in the Basque roads. In 1807 he was elected to parliament for Westminster, and soon incurred the animosity of the government by his radical opinions on questions of reform. In February, 1814, a rumor prevailed that Napoleon had abdicated, and Lord Cochrane took advantage of the consequent rise in the funds to sell out. He was charged with originating a false rumor, was convicted of fraud, and sentenced to pay a fine of £1,000, to stand in the pillory, and be imprisoned for a year. The pillory punishment was subsequently remitted. He was at the same time expelled from parliament. His constituents, believing in his innocence, which has since been fully established, immediately returned him to parliament again, and his fine was paid by public subscription. Finding it impossible to obtain employment at home, he attached himself successively to the Chilian, Brazilian, and Greek navies, in each of which he earned fresh laurels, and he was created marquis of Maranham in Brazil. In 1830, on the accèssion of William IV. and a whig gov |