space between being roofed over with stone, forming a covered portico about 35 ft. high. From the entrance to the court there is a gradual ascent to the portico of the temple, which is supported by 18 pillars in three rows, the whole height being 56 ft. Within the temple are several chambers, the last of which was the sanctuary, 33 ft. by 17, in which was placed the image of the god Num or Kneph, to whom the temple is generally supposed to have been dedicated. Champollion, however, supposed that it was dedicated to the worship of a triad, answering to the Greek Apollo, Aphrodite, and Eros. The whole is enclosed "by lofty walls, and is 414 ft. long and 154 ft. wide. Every part of the temple and walls is covered with hieroglyphics, representing the daily progress of the sun through the heavens. This great structure is the most perfect example remaining of an Egyptian temple. The smaller temple, it is supposed, was dedicated to Horus, the son of Kneph; but Champollion thinks it was an adjunct of the great temple, and marks the birthplace of the third person of the triad. About three miles from Edfoo are many grottoes, excavated in the hillside, which probably served as the cemetery of the city.

EDGAR, an E. county of Illinois, bordering on Indiana; area, about 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 21,450. It is drained by a branch of the Embarras river, and by Brulette and Clear creeks, affluents of the Wabash. The surface is nearly level, and occupied partly by prairies and timber. The soil is fertile. The Indianapolis and St. Louis railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 260,643 bushels of wheat, 37,508 of rye, 2,107,615 of Indian corn, 290,679 of oats, 88,508 of potatoes, 36,638 tons of hay, 457,104 lbs. of butter, and 164,105 of wool. There were 10,294 horses, 6,666 milch cows, 20,935 other cattle, 42,786 sheep, and 38,654 swine; 3 manufactories of boots and shoes, 15 of carriages and wagons, 5 of furniture, 10 of saddlery and harness, 1 of sashes, doors, and blinds, 4 flour mills, 1 planing mill, and 3 saw mills. Capital, Paris.

EDGAR, a king of the Anglo-Saxons, son of Edmund I., born about 943, died in 975. He succeeded his brother Edwy about the beginning of 959, and made Dunstan his chief counsellor, whose influence continued paramount throughout his reign. While he was king England was disturbed neither by foreign invasions nor by the attacks of the northern pirates, and he was consequently surnamed "the Peaceful." He favored the monasteries, and especially contributed to increase the power of the Benedictines, about 50 monasteries of that order having been established during his reign. Having carried off a young lady from the convent of Wilton and made her his mistress, he was ordered by Dunstan, as a penance, to abstain for seven years from wearing his crown. His first wife was Elfleda, and his second Elfrida, the daughter of Ordgar, earl of Devonshire. William of Malmesbury, on the authority of a

Ed

Saxon ballad, relates that Edgar, having heard of the great beauty of Elfrida, sent his minister Ethelwold to ascertain whether the reports were true. Ethelwold on seeing the lady was captivated by her charms, represented to the king that she was unworthy of his admiration, and married her himself. gar having discovered the deceit caused Ethelwold to be put to death and married Elfrida. The story has been made the theme of an English tragedy by William Mason, and of a French opera by Guillard. He was succeeded by his son Edward II.

EDGAR ATHELING (that is, Edgar the Noble), an Anglo-Saxon prince, in the second half of the 11th century. He was the grandson of Edmund Ironside by his exiled son Edward, and was born in Hungary. In 1057 he followed his father to England, after whose sudden death in 1066 he became heir to the crown, being the nearest relative to Edward the Confessor. Yet he was young and feeble, and presented no claim, while Harold and William of Normandy fought for the kingdom at Hastings. After that battle (1066) he was received at court by William, confirmed in the earldom of Oxford, which had been granted him by Harold, and treated with the greatest kindness. He accompanied the king in his visit to Normandy, but after his return, persuaded by the discontented Northumbrian lords, he took refuge with his followers in Scotland, and sought to lead a rebellion in Northumberland. Failing in this and in other enterprises, he returned to England in 1073, having previously rendered his submission to the king and received pardon. He was afterward engaged in a

Scottish war to place a relative upon the throne of that country. The best result of his career was the introduction of the superior cultivation of the south into Scotland.

EDGARTOWN, the shire town and a port of entry of Dukes co., Mass., comprising Chappaquiddick island and the E. portion of Martha's Vineyard, about 75 m. S. S. E. of Boston; pop. in 1870, 1,516. The harbor is well sheltered, and has a depth of four or five fathoms. At the entrance is a lighthouse showing a fixed light 50 ft. above the sea, erected on a pier 1,000 ft. long. Steamers run_daily to Wood's Hole, the terminus of the Falmouth branch of the Cape Cod railroad, and to New Bedford. In Edgartown is Wesleyan grove, the seat of a celebrated Methodist camp meeting, at which yearly in August about 20,000 visitors assemble. Near the camp ground, on bluffs 30 ft. high, overlooking the sea, the village of Oak Bluffs has recently been laid out, and has become a summer resort; it contains several hotels and numerous cottages of summer residents. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in navigation and fishing. For the year ending June 30, 1872, 25 vessels entered at the port and 16 cleared; 4 were engaged in the whale fishery, and there were 20 registered, enrolled, and licensed. The town contains the

county buildings, a town hall, a national bank, 8 schools (including a high school), a weekly newspaper, and Baptist, Congregational, and Methodist churches.

EDGECOMBE, a N. E. county of North Carolina, watered by Tar river, and by Fishing, Sandy, and Contentny creeks; area, about 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 22,970 of whom 15,112 were colored. The soil is fertile and sandy. The surface is mostly level, and occupied in part by pine forests, from which quantities of turpentine are obtained. It is traversed by the Wilmington and Weldon railroad and the Tarboro branch. The chief productions in 1870 were 6,102 bushels of wheat, 488,800 of Indian corn, 48,573 of oats, 58,055 of sweet potatoes, 3,059 tons of hay, and 18,361 bales of cotton. There were 1,164 horses, 1,919 mules and asses, 1,403 milch cows, 3,339 other cattle, and 14,214 swine; 3 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 1 of cotton goods, 5 flour mills, and 7 saw mills. Capital, Tarboro. EDGEFIELD, a W. county of South Carolina, separated from Georgia by the Savannah river, and bounded N. by the Saluda; area, 1,540 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 42,486, of whom 25,417 were colored. It has a fertile soil and a moderately hilly surface. Water power is abundant, and there are numerous mills and factories. The Savannah river is navigable for steamboats to the S. part of the district, and by small boats a still greater distance. It is traversed by the South Carolina, the Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta, and the Greenville and Columbia railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 43,157 bushels of wheat, 412,259 of Indian corn, 77,370 of oats, 29,896 of sweet potatoes, and 17,553 bales of cotton. There were 3,134 horses, 3,459 mules and asses, 6,596 milch cows, 8,579 other cattle, 6,985 sheep, and 20,352 swine; 3 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 1 of cotton goods, 1 of printing paper, 1 of bricks, and 10 saw mills. Capital, Edgefield Court House.

EDGEHILL, a high ridge in Warwickshire, England, 12 m. S. S. E. of Warwick, noted as the scene of the first battle between Charles I. and the parliamentary forces, Oct. 23, 1642. On the side of the hill is cut the colossal figure of a horse, whence a valley below has been named the Vale of Red Horse.

EDGEWORTH. I. Richard Lovell, a British inventor and author, born in Bath in 1744, died at Edgeworthstown, county Longford, Ireland, June 13, 1817. He belonged to an ancient Irish family, and was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and at Oxford. While at the latter university he ran away with a young lady of Oxford, married her, and settled near Reading. He had great mechanical ingenuity, and invented various contrivances, particularly a system of telegraphs, and a locomotive machine which carried with itself a movable railway. For these he was awarded two medals by the society of arts. In 1771 he went to France, and superintended part of

the works undertaken at Lyons to alter the course of the Rhône. In 1782 he took up his residence at Edgeworthstown and devoted himself to the cultivation of his estates. He was much interested in questions of education, and brought up his eldest son upon the principles inculcated in Rousseau's Emile. He was also interested in political economy, and labored for the improvement of the condition of his tenants. He took an active part in public affairs, was a member of the reform convention which assembled at Dublin in 1783, and entered the Irish parliament in 1798. He was opposed to the legislative union of England and Ireland, and when the Irish parliament gave its assent to that measure, he retired from political life. In 1804 he constructed for the government a telegraph between Dublin and Galway. He was placed upon commissions to revise the laws relating to education, and to investigate the best means of draining an extensive bog in Ireland. He was married four times, the last time to Honora Sneyd, who is supposed to have been affianced to Major André. Besides various parliamentary reports, he wrote, either alone or in conjunction with his daughter, among other things, "Professional Education," ""Practical Education," and an "Essay on the Construction of Roads and Carriages."-See "Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Esq., begun by himself and concluded by his daughter" (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1820). II. Maria, an English authoress, daughter of the preceding, born at Hare Hatch, near Reading, England, Jan. 1, 1767, died at Edgeworthstown, Ireland (where she had resided since 1782), May 21, 1849. She was educated by her father, and became his assistant both in business affairs and in literary pursuits. The "Early Lessons," "Parent's Assistant," and "Essay on Irish Bulls" were the fruit of their joint labors. The views which she shared with him in regard to education were exemplified in "Harry and Lucy" and "Rosamond," commenced by him and completed by her after his death, and in "Frank," written by herself. The long series of excellent novels and tales for which she was celebrated began with "Castle Rackrent" (1801). Among the most noted of them are " Belinda," "Ennui," "The Absentee," "Patronage," "Harrington," "Helen," and "Ormond." All her writings are characterized by strong good sense, practical judgment, and high moral tone. Sir Walter Scott, whom she preceded as a novelist, was her warm friend and admirer, and she passed a fortnight with him at Abbotsford in 1823. A complete edition of her works was published in London in 1832, in 18 vols. 12mo, and they still continue to be reprinted.

| EDGEWORTH DE FIRMONT, Henry Allen, abbé, the last confessor of King Louis XVI. of France, cousin of Maria Edgeworth, born in Edgeworthstown, Ireland, in 1745, died in Mitau, Russia, May 22, 1807. His father (Essex Edgeworth of Fairy Mount, whence Firmont)

having been converted to Catholicism, and removed to France, he received his education under the Jesuits at Toulouse and at the Sorbonne in Paris. He was the confessor of Madame Elizabeth, the sister of Louis XVI.; and at her suggestion he was invited by him at the time of his trial and condemnation to administer the consolations of religion. He attended the king during his last days, accompanied him to the scaffold, and was reported to have exclaimed at the moment of the execution, Louis, fils de Saint Louis, montez au ciel. The abbé himself always professed that he had no recollection of having uttered these words, and Lord Holland has shown that they were a royalist invention, made some time later. After the death of Madame Elizabeth he joined Louis XVIII. at Blankenburg in Germany, and went with him to Mitau. While caring for French prisoners at that place, he contracted a disease which occasioned his death. He left a volume of "Memoirs," edited in English by C. S. Edgeworth (London, 1815), and in French by Dupont (Paris, 1815). A collection of his "Letters" was also published at Paris in 1818.

EDINBURGH, a city of Scotland, capital of Edinburghshire, about 2 m. S. of the frith of Forth, 357 m. N. N. W. of London by road, and 399 m. by the Great Northern railway, in lat. 55° 57' N., lon. 3° 11' W.; pop. in 1871, 196,500. It is built principally on three parallel ridges running E. and W., the central one terminated on the west by a mass of rock seven acres in extent at the top, which is 443 ft. above the sea, and upon which stands Edinburgh castle. The palace of Holyrood is at the E. end of the same ridge. Along the top of the ridge runs the principal street of the old town for the distance of a mile, its successive parts being named Castle Hill, Lawn Market, the High street, Netherbow, and Canongate; it contains many public buildings, and is a fine street. Upon the sides of the ridge are the ancient houses, five, six, and sometimes ten and eleven stories high, laid out in flats, in which are concentrated a great part of the poor population. Steep lanes descend from the high ground on both sides, some not more than six feet wide, and others broad enough to admit the passage of a cart or carriage; the narrower ones are called closes, and the wider ones wynds. Along the valley into which these closes and wynds descend on the south runs Cowgate, which was once a fashionable street. At its W. extremity toward the castle is an open rectangular space called the Grass market. Near the E. end rises a belt of precipitous rocks called Salisbury crags, 547 ft. above the sea, behind which is a conical hill called Arthur's Seat, 822 ft. high. The S. portion of the city is connected with the old town by two bridges over the valley: South bridge, finished in 1788, and George the Fourth's bridge, finished in 1836. It is bounded S. by a large level park, called the Meadows. The ridge on which this part of the town stands is

more elevated than that occupied by the new town, but the latter is much more handsomely built. It is N. of the castle and the High street, and separated from them by a valley, crossed by the North bridge, which is opposite the South bridge, and was opened for use in 1768, and by a broad causeway, called the Earthen Mound, which has been a thoroughfare since the commencement of the century. This valley formed for centuries a lake called the North Loch, but it was drained in 1763, and has been laid out in gardens. The laying out of the new town beyond these gardens was begun in 1767. Its streets have a regularity and magnificence in strong contrast with those of the old town. The three principal ones are Queen, George, and Princes streets, parallel with each other and with the High street. George street runs along the middle of the ridge. Princes street is between it and the High street, and is one of the finest promenades in Europe; it is built up only on one side, and commands a fine view of the castle and the old town. Queen street is N. of George street, and fronts toward the north on the Queen street gardens. The new town is adorned by many fine open squares, among which are St. Andrew square, Charlotte square, Drummond place, Moray place, the Royal Circus, &c. East of the new town is a rocky eminence called Calton hill, the broad, verdant summit