pop. in 1870, 14,477, of whom 6,730 were colored. The South and North Alabama railroad passes through the S. W. part. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 10,330 bushels of wheat, 198,371 of Indian corn, 18,078 of oats, 32,560 of sweet potatoes, 5,697 of peas and beans, and 7,295 bales of cotton. There were 944 horses, 1,411 mules and asses, 2,706 milch cows, 3,812 other cattle, and 8,286 swine; 9 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 1 of cotton goods, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Wetumpka.

ELMSLEY, Peter, an English scholar, born in 1773, died March 8, 1825. He was educated at Westminster school, and at Merton college, Oxford. He officiated for a time in a small chapelry in Little Horkesley, Essex; but becoming master of a fortune by the death of an uncle, he devoted himself to literary studies, and particularly to Greek literature. He lived for a while in Edinburgh, where he was intimately associated with the founders of the "Edinburgh Review," and contributed to that periodical several articles, among which were reviews of Heyne's "Homer," Schweighäuser's "Athenæus," Blomfield's "Prometheus," and Porson's "Hecuba." In 1816 he made a voyage to Italy in search of manuscripts, and passed the winter of 1818 in researches in the Laurentian library at Florence. The next year he was appointed to assist Sir Humphry Davy in trying to decipher some of the papyri found at Herculaneum. After his return to England he became principal of St. Alban's hall, Oxford, and Camden professor of modern history in the university. From 1809 to 1823 he published editions of several of the Greek tragedies.

ELOCUTION. See ORATORY, and VOICE. ELOHIM, one of the Hebrew names of the Deity, the plural of Eloah. The name is also applied to angels, princes, judges, great men, and even to false gods.

EL PASO. I. The extreme W. county of Texas, bounded N. by New Mexico, touched on the N. E. by the Rio Pecos, and separated on the S. W. from Mexico by the Rio Grande; area, 9,450 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,671, of whom 306 were colored. More than nine tenths of the area consists of sandy plains without timber or water. Salt lakes are found in the N. part. It is crossed by several mountain ranges. The only cultivated portion is the narrow valley of the Rio Grande, which is productive when irrigated. Capital, Franklin. it. A central county of Colorado, bordering on the Rocky mountains, and containing Pike's peak; area, about 2,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 987. The surface is diversified. It is traversed by the Fontaine qui Bout, the valley of which is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 11,455 bushels of Indian corn, 11,727 of oats, 8,876 of wheat, 760 tons of hay, and 16,900 lbs. of wool. There were 10,800 sheep; 2 flour mills, and 4 saw mills. Capital, Colorado City. EL PASO, or El Paso del Norte, an inland town of Mexico, in the N. E. angle of the state of

|

Chihuahua, on the Rio Grande, near the frontier of New Mexico, 945 m. N. W. of the city of Mexico; lat. 31° 45' N., lon. 106° 28′ W.; pop. | about 6,000, chiefly mestizoes, with many Indians of pure blood. This place was first established as a military post to check the inroads of the savage tribes which then, as now, ravaged the whole north of the republic. It forms a separate town, though the name is often extended to a series of minor settlements reaching some 15 m. along the banks of the Rio Grande. The fort has been transferred to El Paso del Rio Grande, on the road from Chihuahua to Santa Fé. The country surrounding El Paso consists of well cultivated fields of maize, wheat, and other cereals, dotted with gardens and orchards yielding a luxuriant supply of all the delicate fruits of the temperate zone. The best wine in the republic is made here; and also a species of brandy, called by the border Americans Paso whiskey. The inhabitants, though generally rich, pay little attention to material comfort.

ELPHINSTON, James, a Scottish grammarian, born in Edinburgh in 1721, died at Hammersmith, near London, Oct. 8, 1809. He studied at the university of Edinburgh, became tutor to Lord Blantyre, superintended an edition of the "Rambler" in his native town, and in 1751 opened a school at Kensington. He was a zealous advocate of a change in English orthography, and published several works on the subject which exposed him to great ridicule. A translation of Martial (4to, 1782) was no better received. His principal works are: 'French and English Languages" (2 vols. 12mo, 1756); "Education, a Poem" (1763); 'English Language (2 vols. 12mo, 1765); "Propriety ascertained in her Picture" (1786); Poeta Sententiosi, Latini, &c. (1794); and "Fifty Years' Correspondence, Inglish, French, and Lattin, in Proze and Verse, between Geniusses ov boath Sexes and James Elphinston" (8 vols. 12mo, 1794).

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ELPHINSTONE, George. See KEITH.

ELPHINSTONE, Mountstuart, an English statesman and historian, 4th son of John, 11th Baron Ephinstone, born in 1779, died Nov. 20, 1859. In 1795 he entered the service of the East India company; in 1808 was ambassador to the Afghan court at Cabool; from 1810 to 1817 was resident at the court of Poonah, and was commissioner to that province from 1817 to 1819, when he was appointed governor of Bombay. He resigned in November, 1827. He was the author of an "Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India" (4to, London, 1815), which has been twice reprinted; and "History of India: the Hindoo and Mahometan Periods" (2 vols. Svo, 1841; 3d ed., 1848).

ELSINORE, or Elsineur (Dan. Helsingör), a maritime town of Denmark, in the bailiwick of Frederiksborg, island of Seeland, 23 m. N. E. of Copenhagen; lat. 56° 2' N., lon. 12° 38′ E.; pop. in 1870, 8,891. It is built on

the narrowest part of the Sound, here but 3 | m. in width, opposite the Swedish town of Helsingborg. It commands the principal passage between the Cattegat and the Baltic, and is the spot where the Sound dues (abolished in 1857) were formerly paid by all foreign vessels, except those of Sweden, navigating that channel. The town is substantially but irregularly built on ground rising gradually from the shore. The harbor is very small, but has a depth of 18 ft. The roadstead is excellent, and is generally crowded with vessels, and there is a large foreign commerce. Adjacent to the harbor, on the N. E., on a tongue of land running out into the sea, is the castle of Kronborg, built by Frederick II. about 1580. Modern fortifications have since added to its strength. It is now chiefly used as a prison. Caroline Matilda, queen of Christian VII., was imprisoned here until the interference of her brother, George III. of England. Under the

castle are casemates capable of holding 1,000 men. According to a popular tradition, Holger Danske, the legendary hero of Denmark, resides in one of the subterranean vaults. In the courtyard of the castle is the lighthouse, showing a fixed light 113 ft. above the sea. A short distance N. W. of the town is the palace of Marienlyst (Mary's delight), once a royal residence, but now in private occupation. Near by is shown a pile of rocks, erroneously called the tomb of Hamlet, of whose story, as told by Shakespeare, Elsinore is the scene. Local industry is mostly engaged in the refining of sugar and brandy, printing cottons, fishing, &c.; and there is an extensive manufactory of arms at Hammerwolle in the suburbs. -Elsinore was erected into a city in 1425; was taken and burned by the forces of Lübeck in 1522, and was retaken in 1535 by Christian II. It was enlarged by Dutch colonists in 1576. The castle was taken Sept. 6, 1658, by

the Swedes, under the orders of Wrangel, but was restored to the Danes in 1660. It failed to prevent the passage of the British fleet under Sir Hyde Parker, with Nelson as his second in command, in 1802.

ELSSLER, Fanny and Therese, two sisters celebrated as dancers, born in Vienna, Therese in 1808, Fanny in 1811. Fanny, the more famous, was instructed in the juvenile ballet corps of the Viennese theatre, and at the age of six made her appearance on the stage. Subsequently she received instructions from Aumer, and a marked influence upon her general sesthetic culture was exercised by Baron Friedrich von Gentz. The two sisters went to Naples in 1827, and in 1830 made their first appearance at Berlin. Subsequently they went to Vienna and other cities, and on Sept. 19, 1834, they made their first appearance in Paris, in La tempête, a ballet adapted from Shakespeare's "Tempest" by Adolphe Nourrit. Fanny was

ranked with Taglioni,

then at the head of her profession in Paris, and she soon eclipsed her celebrated rival in the Spanish cachuchs. In 1841 the sisters visited the United States, where they met with brilliant success, and afterward went to Rassia. In 1851 Fanny retired from the stage with a large fortune, and purchased a villa near Hamburg. Her sister contracted in April, 1850, a morgsnatie marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia (who died in 1873), and was eobled under the title of Frau von Barnim

ELTON, a salt lake in the government of Saratov, Russia, 70 m. E. of the Volga, and 150 sq. m. in extent. It yields annually upward of 100,000 tons of salt, the collection of which gives employment to 10,000 persons. In the hottest season the crystallized salt along its banks and on its surface gives it the appearance of a vast sheet of ice or frozen snow. It is nowhere more than 15 inches deep.

ELVAS, a fortified frontier city of Portugal, in the province of Alemtejo, 105 m. E. of Lisbon, and 10 m. W. of Badajoz, Spain, on a hill ear the bank of the Guadiana; pop. about 10.000 It became a city in 1513, and was created a bishopric by Pius V. in 1570. It is an imper tant stronghold, having an arsenal, and spaces bomb-proof barracks for 7,000 men. The fort of Lippe on a neighboring hill is const ered impregnable. The town itself is pot ly built, and many of the venerable Morsh buildings which line its streets are crumbling to

pieces. It has a cathedral, college, seminary, theatre, several churches and convents, and manufactories of arms and jewelry. It is supplied with water from a distance of three miles, by means of a fine Moorish aqueduct. During the peninsular war it was a place of great importance; and in March, 1808, it was taken by the French under Junot, and held till the convention of Cintra in August, 1808.

ELWES, John, an English miser, born in Southwark about 1714, died Nov. 26, 1789. His own family name was Meggot, but he exchanged it for that of his uncle, Sir Harvey Elwes, from whom he received a large inheritance. At an early period of his life he attended Westminster school, and became a good classical scholar. He was sent to Geneva to complete his education, and there distinguished himself as one of the boldest riders in Europe. After returning to England he indulged in

gambling, frequenting the most noted gaming houses. He next took to hunting, and his stable of fox hounds was considered the best in the kingdom; yet he kept but a single servant to attend to all his cows, dogs, and horses. From his parsimonious mode of life his fortune rapidly increased, and when worth half a million he refused to accept a seat in parliament unless on the express stipulation that he should be brought in for nothing, and was elected for Berkshire in 1774. His miserly habits increased with his fortune, and during the latter years of his life he abandoned gaming, hunting, and every comfort, and died the possessor of £800,000, after having suffered greatly from fear of poverty.

ELY, a city of Cambridgeshire, England, on an eminence near the Ouse, 16 m. N. N. E. of Cambridge; pop. about 8,000. It consists principally of one street, and contains many old

buildings. It is the seat of a bishopric which | was founded in 1107. Its cathedral is a splendid structure, built in successive centuries from 1174 to 1534, and presenting a singular mixture of the Saxon, Norman, and early English styles. The churches of St. Mary and of the Holy Trinity are also remarkable both for their age and splendor. A famous convent was founded here about 670 by Ethelreda, wife of Egfrid, king of Northumberland, and she became its first abbess. It was destroyed by the Danes in 870, and 100 years later was rebuilt by Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, who placed in it monks instead of nuns. Ely has manufactures of earthenware and tobacco pipes, breweries, flax and hemp-seed oil mills, lime kilns, extensive gardens in its vicinity, the produce of which is sent to the London and Cambridge

markets, and several benevolent institutions and schools, among which is a grammar school founded by Henry VIII. It is the capital of a division of Cambridgeshire called the "Isle of Ely," separated from the rest of the county by the Ouse. This district is included in the reclaimed marsh known as Bedford Level.

ELYMAIS, a province of ancient Elam, between the river Eulæus and the Persian gulf. The notices of it in classical writers are very confused; but it was more probably a district of Elam than an independent territory S. of it, or merely a town. The books of Maccabees and Tobias name it as a city of Persia, to which Antiochus Epiphanes laid siege; but not one of the ancient writers who speak of this expedition mentions the place. Elymais is often used as equivalent to Elam. (See ELAM.)

EMANUEL, an E. county of Georgia, bounded N. by the Ogeechee river, and S. W. by Pendleton's creek; area, about 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,134, of whom 1,703 were colored. The principal streams which intersect it are the Great Ohoopee and the Cannouchee. It has a level surface, and a sandy, unproductive soil. Timber is abundant. The chief productions in 1870 were 103,705 bushels of Indian corn, 21,399 of oats, 24,353 of sweet potatoes, and 1,376 bales of cotton. There were 1,094 horses. 4,013 milch cows, 11,167 other cattle, 14,988 sheep, and 15,464 swine; 4 saw mills and 1 cotton factory. Capital, Swainsborough.

EMANUEL (Port. MANOEL) I., king of Portugal, called the Great, and the Happy, born May 3, 1469, ascended the throne upon the death of John II., in 1495, and died in Lisbon, Dec. 13, 1521. He was the son of Duke Ferdinand of Viseu, grandson of King Edward of Portugal, nephew of Alfonso V., and cousin of John II. His father, accused of conspiracy against John II., was slain by the latter with his own hand. Emanuel, bearing the title of duke of Beja, was educated in Spain, where in 1497 he married Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and heiress to the crown of Castile. She died in 1498, and Emanuel married Donna Maria, her sister, two years later. He received the kingdom in a state of prosperity, and by his activity and sagacity raised Portugal to her most brilliant point of power and glory. He signalized the beginning of his reign by pursuing with an ardor surpassing that of all his predecessors the long-sought passage by sea to India. Mainly under his patronage were made the voyages of Vasco da Gama, Albuquerque, and Pedro Alvarez de Cabral; in his reign Goa became a Portuguese settlement, and Brazil, the Moluccas, &c., were discovered; the commerce of the Indies was opened to Portugal, wealth accumulated, and a spirit of enterprise took possession of the nation, which could now boast of a brilliant succession of navigators and generals. Less successful were his efforts for conquest in Morocco, where dearly purchased victories secured no lasting gain. He devoted himself to the Roman Catholic church, sent missionaries with all his fleets to convert whatsoever people they might discover, and sought to reform the character of the Portuguese ecclesiastics. He banished the Jews and Moors, and introduced the inquisition. He ruled 20 years without convening the cortes, published a code of laws, and succeeded in remaining at peace with all Europe. He was a patron of men of letters, and himself the author of memoirs of the Indies. His second wife, Maria, died in 1517, and in 1519 he married Eleonora of Austria, sister of Charles V.

EMBALMING, the process of preserving animal bodies from corruption by introducing antiseptic substances into the spaces left vacant by the

extensively practised by the ancient Egyptians, and the mummies found at this day in their sepulchres, where they have lain for 3,000 years or more, testify to the perfection it had reached in those remote periods. Reptiles and other animals were held sacred and worthy of embalming; therefore when, in addition to the countless bodies of human beings still to be found in the places where they were deposited, are reckoned the millions of dogs, apes, crocodiles, cats, ibises, bulls, rams, foxes, asps, and other animals, of more than 50 species in all, it is a matter of wonder whence were obtained all the resins, drugs, and spices which are described as essential to the process. After Egypt became a Roman province the art continued to be practised, and was adopted to some extent by the Romans themselves. Among other races also the same practice has in former times prevailed, or at least a modification of it designed to produce a similar result; such, for example, as drying the bodies of the dead. This was probably the custom of the Guanches, the former inhabitants of the Canary islands. In the great temple of the sun at Cuzco bodies of the incas and of their queens have been found, clothed in their former princely attire, seated upon chairs of gold, their heads inclined downward, covered with raven-black or silvergray hair, and their hands placidly crossed over their bosoms. Exposure of the bodies to the exceedingly dry and cold air of the mountainous region, it was thought by Garcilaso, was sufficient to preserve these bodies without recourse to the artificial processes adopted by the Egyptians. These have been particularly described by Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, and the accounts of the former especially have been regarded by most authorities as presenting an exact exposition of them. Some, however, question the adequacy of the processes thus given to account for the results, and state that modern experimenters fail entirely of success in endeavoring to perform the operation by their instructions. The account given by Herodotus (ii. 86) is as follows: "There are a set of men in Egypt who practise the art of embalming, and make it their proper business. These persons, when a body is brought to them, show the bearers various models of corpses made in wood, and painted so as to resemble nature. The most perfect is said to be after the manner of him [Osiris] whom I do not think it religious to name in connection with such a matter; the second sort is inferior to the first, and less costly; the third is the cheapest of all. All this the embalmers explain, and then ask in which way it is wished that the corpse should be prepared. The bearers tell them, and having concluded their bargain, take their departure, while the embalmers, left to themselves, proceed to their task. The mode of embalming, according to the most perfect process, is the following: They take first a crooked piece of iron and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils, thus