20 parte mortalem: in so far as some of its members are subject to perpetual change (§ 15, eluviones n.): cp. § 9, infra lunam cet. and Macrobius, II. 12, ideo physici mundum (macrocosm) magnum hominem et hominem brevem mundum (microcosm) esse dixerunt'.

22

23

26

28

SS 19-20. This passage is a translation, almost word for word, of Plato, Phaedrus, 245. We find the same passage again in the Tusculans (1. xxiii. 53-55), with the observation: ex quo illa ratio nata est Platonis, quae a Socrate est in Phaedro explicata, a me autem posita est in sexto libro de Republica. Cp. Cato M. § 78. Macrobius exhibits the argument in the form of a Sorites (per gradus syllogismorum) thus:

I. Anima ex se movetur, quod autem ex se movetur principium motus est, igitur anima principium motus est.

II. Anima principium motus est, quod autem principium motus est natum non est, igitur anima nata non est.

III. Anima nata non est, quod natum non est inmortale est, igitur anima inmortalis est.

§ 19.

aeternum est: Plato, l. c., rò yàp deckívŋtov álávaтov. Muretus remarks on Cicero's rendering of dávaтov: 'with the Philosophers nothing is immortale, which is not also aeternum (without beginning or end)'.

motum adfert: Plato: τὸ δὲ ἄλλο κινοῦν καὶ ὑπ ̓ ἄλλου κινούμενον, παῦλαν ἔχον κινήσεως, παῦλαν ἔχει ζωῆς; cp. Macrob. II. 15, omnis motus, inquit (Plato, de Legg. x. 894 B), aut et se movet et alia aut ab alio movetur et alia movet. Et prior ad animam, ad omnia vero corpora secundus refertur.

deseritur a se: Plato: are ouk άπоλеîπоν éανтó. Cp. de Senect. XXI. 78.

· numquam ne—quidem: two negatives do not destroy one another, if a proposition begins with a general negation and a single idea is then brought prominently forward by ne-quidem (Madvig, L. G. § 460).

movendi=motus, lower down: both represent knσews in the

original.

P. 21.

I

4

ΤΟ

12

14

15

17

19

exstinctum: the participle has here a contingent force: ‘if the first principle, &c.'

vel concidat: Plato: ἢ πάντα τε οὐρανὸν πᾶσάν τε γένεσιν συμπεσοῦσαν στῆναι καὶ μήποτε αὖθις ἔχειν ὅθεν κινηθέντα γενήσεται. Mai cites a passage from Proclus, in which he says that the revolution of the Universe prevents it from collapsing: in the same way that a hoop or wheel does not fall, so long as it goes on spinning round.

§ 20.

inanimum―animal: äfvxov—ěμyvxov. According to Lambin, inanimus is good Latin but not inanimatus: so too inermis not inarmatus. (See Madvig, ad Finn. 4, 36.)

natura―atque vis: 'essential property', Plato: WS TAÚTNS OVONS púσews Yuxîs. Here, as elsewhere (§ 7, circulos note), Cicero, finding no single word which satisfies him as a rendering of the thing in mind (púσews), adds, per epexegesin, to one word of general signification (natura) another (vis), whose meaning is equally general, in such a way that they serve mutually to define each other.

neque...et: if a negative proposition is associated with an affirmative, the Latins employ que, et or ac, where in English we use but (Madvig, 433, 2).

§ 21.

optimae: Plato, Sympos. 209 a, toλù dè μeylorŋ kai kaλλiorη Tŷs φρονήσεως ἡ περὶ τὰς τῶν πόλεών τε καὶ οἰκήσεων διακοσμήσεις, ᾗ δὴ ὄνομά ἐστι σωφροσύνη τε καὶ δικαιοσύνη.

velocius: cp. Cic. Hortens. fr. II. xxiv. 86, aeternos animos et divinos habemus:-quo magis hi fuerint semper in suo cursu, id est, in ratione et investigandi cupiditate, et quo minus se admiscuerint atque implicuerint hominum vitiis et erroribus, hoc illis faciliorem ascensum et reditum in caelum fore.

eminebit foras: cp. de Repub. III. 7, cum ceterae virtutes quasi tacitae sint et intus inclusae, solam esse iustitiam, quae nec sibi tantum

20

22

24

25

conciliata sit, nec occulta, sed foras tota promineat, et ad bene faciendum prona sit ut quam plurimis prosit. Cp. Manil. I. 238, pars eius ad Arctos eminet.

abstrahet: Plato, Phaedo, 67 D, тò μeλéтnμa avтò TOûTÓ ẻσTI Tŵv φιλοσόφων, λύσις καὶ χωρισμὸς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ σώματος. Tuscul. I. XXX. 74, tota enim philosophorum vita, commentatio est mortis.

ministros: cp. the picture, which Cleanthes is said to have drawn, of the Epicurean virtues: ancillulas, quae nihil aliud agerent,―nisi ut voluptati ministrarent, de Finn. 11. 67.

impulsu: cp. Plato, Rep. 573 A, Tólον KÉνтρov. Phaedr. 251 D.

volutantur: Plato, Phaedo, 81 D, πeρì тà μvýμatά te kal toùs táφους κυλινδουμένη. The souls, which have not been purified from all that is earthly and material, are too heavy to soar into the ethereal regions: cp. § 6.

'But when lust

'By unchaste looks, loose gestures, and foul talk
'But most by lewd and lavish act of sin,

'Lets in defilement to the inward parts,

'The soul grows clotted by contagion,
'Imbodies, and imbrutes, till she quite lose
'The divine property of her first being.
'Such are those thick and gloomy shadows damp,
'Oft seen in charnel vaults and sepulchres
'Lingering and sitting by a new made grave,
'As loth to leave the body that it loved,
'And linked itself by carnal sensuality
'To a degenerate and degraded state'.

MILTON, Comus.

exagitati: acc. to the Pythagorean doctrine of purgatory by successive migrations of the soul: those souls, which after a triple probation, thrice in either world (Pindar, Ol. 11. 70), have not suffered their pinions (πтéρα) to grow dank from contamination with evil, become sufficiently light to soar into the region of pure spirit. The period of their probation was 3,000 years: cp. Plato, Phaedr. 249; Virg. Aen. VI. 735 foll.

APPENDIX.

Contains Collation of MS in BRITISH MUSEUM [add. 11,035 X. century (so stated in B. M. Catalogue)] made by Mr J. S. Reid, of Caius College, Cambridge.

20.

There is an erasure between habes and adhuc.
Cartaginem.

21. triumphum has been altered (prima manu) into

O

triumpho and over the line has been written qq, sub, so that the reading becomes triumpho quoque subegeris.

obigeris altered (pr. m.) into obegeris.

Egyptum.