of education is propofed, and fhews how they conduce to the fafety, honour, and fuccefs of the British foldier. Under the fecond head, he evinces the importance and utility of cultivating the mind, by eftablishing thofe principles of moral truth and duty, and by forming thofe habits of fevere virtue, efpecially of felf-denial, that will support the dignity of his character in all fituations, and render his actions not lefs honourable and useful in the ftillness of peace, than in the activity and bustle of war: He then vindicates the neceflity of recommending the principles and maxims of Christianity to the regard and practice of his pupils. Our Auther next proceeds to inculcate the ftudy of the languages, chiefly the French and German: and he ranges the other articles of fcience under the general heads of mathematics, the natural and civil rights of mankind, ancient and modern hiftory, and the conftitution of their own country. He then concludes with a fhort abstract of the plan and regulations of his own Military Academy, which, as far as we can judge, feem to be liberal, judicious, and ufeful; and we shall therefore close this article with wifhing him fuccefs. R..s. Art. 24. A Differtation, Hiftorical and Political, on the ancient Republics of Italy: from the Italian of Carlo Denina. With original Notes and Observations. By John Langhorne, D. D. 8vo. 5s. Becket. 1773 We have given an account of Signor Denina's original work, entitled Rivoluzione d'Italia, in the Appendix to the 43d vol. of our Review, and in the number for February, 1771. The foreign book is in two vols. 4to; the present English translation contains only an extract from it; and concludes with the Author's reflections on the admiffion of the Italian ftates to the franchises of Rome, in the year 665, U. C. The tranflation is liberal and correct; and the notes, though not numerous, are judicious and pertinent. This publication is not only very entertaining, but may be highly inftructive to the English Reader; for, as Dr. L. has well obferved in his dedication, to Lord Folkftone, to prevent the decline of our own happy conftitution, nothing can more effectually instruct us, than a due attention to the causes of the decline of other ftates. The revolutions of foreign establishments, particularly if they proceed from internal causes, afford us the most useful leffons of polity; and those writings that exhibit the aspect of government under the various influences of times, and manners, naturally lead us to obferve the genius and character of our own:-of this kind is the differtation which we here commend to our Readers. Art. 25. A Letter to the Clergy of the County of Norfolk. In which the Necefity for the abolition of Tithes is plainly proved, and the Propriety of other Plans is fully evinced. By No Tithe Gatherer. 6 d. Norwich printed, and fold by Becket, London. Svo. 1773. All weapons, from fpiritual thunder down even to that long reprobated one, recommended by the ingenious Earl of Shaftesbury, are now wielded, to deftroy the propofal of abolishing tithes; which we are taught to believe is calculated to banish religion, flarve the clergy, throw the whole nation into confufion, bring back ancient chaos, and leave not a wreck of order behind. As we have already had 1 had occafion to enter into this alarming fubject farther than we wished, we fhall content ourselves with referring to what has been faid of it, under the title of Correfpondence, in the month of September, and at the clofe of the prefent number. Some reverend gentleman has now condefcended to try the force of ridicule, in defence of tithes, but more dexterity is required to use this mode of argument successfully, than the prefent Writer feems to poffefs :-perhaps his failure may spring from his being too much in earnest. N. Art. 26. A fhort Trip to, at, and from Paris. Addreffed not only to fuch as propose being present at the Ceremony of the Marriage of Compte d'Artois, Grand-fon to the French King, to the Princess Mary, Silter to the King of Sardinia, in November, 1773; but to fuch who have lately been at, are now refiding in, or intend to go to Paris. By a Gentleman lately returned from thence. Svo. Almon, &c. .2 S. An ill-compiled, but not unufeful, directory. Art. 27. Lord Chesterfield's Witticifms; or the grand Pantheon of What a variety of Jeft-books we have had; from Joe Miller to my Lord! who knows but in time we may go higher yet, and be happy in ROYAL witticisms! Art. 28. The Hiftory of a Voyage to the Malouine, or Falkland, Iflands, in 1763 and 1764; under the Command of M. de Bougainville, in order to form a Settlement there: and of two Voyages to the Streights of Magellan, with an Account of the Patagonians. Tranflated from Dom Pernety's Hiftorical Journal, written in French. Illuftrated with Copper plates. 4to. 10 s. 6 d. Goldfmith, &c. 1773. In the Appendix to the 42d vol. of our Review (1770), we gave fome account of the original of M. Pernety's Journal; in which we obferved that the Author had been equally attentive to the nautical circumstances of the voyage, and to the natural hiftory, and other particulars, of the countries which he vifited. He attended Mr. Bougainville in his firft voyage to the Malouines, when they made a fettlement on Falkland's Ifland; but did not embark in the second, which was undertaken for the fupport and improvement of that little establishment; fo that the greatest part of the prefent volume is employed in the detail of the firft expedition: but there is given, by way of appendix, fundry letters and obfervations, by M. du Clos Guyot Land others, who made the fecond trip, giving a brief account of what they obferved in the Streights of Magellan, and particularly concern The fovereignty of thefe ifles being, foon after, claimed by the King of Spain, and his right being acknowledged by France, M. Bougainville was again employed, in 1766, to vifit the Malouines, to deliver the fettlement to the Spaniards, and to proceed to the Eaft Indies, by crofling the South-Seas, between the Tropics.' See. an account of his relation of this voyage (in which he touched at Otaheite) Rev. vol. xlvi. p. 204. ing ing the Patagonians, of whom fo much has been faid, and of whom ftill fo little is known. This work is not ill tranflated; and may be read with particular fatisfaction, as a prelude to M. Bougainville's more confiderable publication of his Voyage round the World, in the Years 1766, 1767, 1968, and 1769, of which we have a good tranflation, by Mr. John Reinhold Forfter: See the Review already referred to, in the note. And here it may not be improper to remark, that this last mentioned performance ought to be read by all who have attentively perufed the celebrated Englith circumnavigators whofe journals have lately been published by Dr. Hawkesworth; as the French and English accounts mutually ferve to illustrate each other, and (where they difagree) to furnish proper fubjects for farther enquiry and exa. mination. · The prefent Editor of Dom Pernety's Journal, acquaints his readers, that nothing has been omitted in this tranflation, but the detail of ordinary occurrences, common to every voyage;' and that whatever feemed, in any view, peculiar to this expedition, has been retained.' In refpect to the engravings, fome alterations and additions have been made. A general chart, fhewing the fituation of Falkland's Inlands in the fouthern ocean, which was not given in the original, is here inferted. Plans of the islands of St. Catherine, and of Buenos Ayres, are alfo added. The birds, fish, &c. are claffed in their proper order.' Art. 29. The great Advantage of eating pure and genuine Bread, comprehending the Heart of the Wheat with all the Flour Shewing how this may be a Means of promoting Health and Plenty, preferving Infants from the Grave, by deftroying the Temptation to the Ufe of Allum and other Ingredients in our present wheaten Bread: Recommending to Magiftrates, particularly in London, fuch an impartial Distribution of Juftice in the Execution of the A&t for regulating the Affize of Standard Wheaten Bread, as may prove equally beneficial to the Miller, the Baker, and Confumer of Bread. By an Advocate for Trade. 8vo. Is. Wilkie, &c. 1773. The late wholefome act for regulating an article fo highly important to the community as bread, has given rife to this performance, which is well intended, and difcovers a competent knowlege of the fubject. We fhall therefore make a few extracts from fuch parts of it as appear to be peculiarly worthy of general notice and regard. Speaking of the conduct of our ancestors relative to bread, the Author obferves that, perhaps they never refined fo much, they never preyed fo much on each other, nor, he prefumes, made fo many laws neceffary for their restraint, as we do. In looking back,' fays he, for fome hundred years, it appears that they adopted a certain plan, 'fuppofing that nature had given nothing in vain, and that every part of the wheat which may be called flour, was not only intended to be eaten by men, but that it really made the best bread; as that might be called the best, which is beft adapted to general ufe, and in itself fo fine, as to contain no parts of the coat, or hufks of the grain. At REV. Nov. 1773. D d the the fame time it is obvious that the poor, being lefs able to pay, may introduce a portion of the coat or hufk, ground into a powder, while fome eat the whole wheat ground and made into bread. The populace in Holland, in many parts, at this time, eat the whole wheat fo made and we know that horfes find nutrition in bran; it is fometimes given them medicinally, at others as part of their food; the horfe-bran being as well known as hay or oats. The infufion of bran is alfo given in fome diforders to human creatures. The inference which I mean to draw from what is premised, is to remind my fellow citizens of the unfortunate delusion of thinking that even the whole flour of the wheat is not good enough for them: that part of it must be taken away, and fent into the country to others at least as ufeful as themselves; or given to birds or beasts. By this decifion, fuppofing a certain quantity of wheat appropriated to their ufe, (and this is the view they should fee it in) they lofe one third part of the flour, and confequently have fo much the lefs bread to fupply their wants. Is it not then monstrous to hear them complain of fcarcity? Is it not abfurd to talk of poverty, and yet pay a Seventh or eighth part more than they need, to gratify a fantastic appetite? Had it not been for the custom of eating whiter bread than the whole flour of the wheat will make, fhould we have thus impofed on ourselves? Would the miller and baker employ all his art to make the bread as white as poffible, and oblige us to pay for this artificial whiteness ? They tell the confumer, the whiter it is, the finer; and the finer, the more nutritive. Thus we become dupes, so far as to overlook the effential good properties of genuine bread, made of all the flour of the wheat, and alfo the difference in the price. We are taught to favour a grofs delufion, at the fuggeftion of interefted perfons, against our own fubftantial welfare. It is the interett of every one to be honest, and fay nothing contrary to his real fentiments, as it is the duty of those who have knowledge, to inform fuch as are ignorant. Those who have never eaten bread of all the flour in a pure ftate, with the native taste of wheat, and the moisture which it preferves, can know nothing of the comparative excellence of it, with refpect to the whitened city bread, which they have been accustomed to eat all their lives.' · After having mentioned the act paffed the last feffion of Parliament, this Writer proceeds to obferve; Let the flour be produced, and the baker will give us ftandard wheaten bread. Knowing that we do not expect it to be fo white as the prefent affized bread called wheater, he will cease to play tricks injurious to the health of the confumer. The event depends on the good fenfe of malters and mittresses of fàmilies, and their right underflanding of what they mean to eat, that is, of what parts of the wheat the bread they confume is made. If they are fatisfied that the bread is more purc than what they used to eat, and fufficiently fine, we may prefume, if they are in their right minds, they will prefer it for domeftic ufe Every family of fourteen or fifteen perfons, confuming at the rate of one pound each in a day, pays near fixteen fhillings a week: if they can fave two shillings and fixpence, or one fhilling and fixpence, it is an object: To a poor man who spends five fhillings in bread, if he can fave eight or ten pence, pence, it may purchase two or three pounds of animal substance towards making one fealt in a week. In one view, a farthing a day on a pound of bread for an individual, is a trifle; but for a poor family of five, in a week it comes to eight-pence halfpenny, and in a year to thirty-fix fhillings and ten-pence; call it, as it well may be, forty fhillings. He might, perhaps, fimile if I were to tell him that this annual faving, with compound intereft, in twenty years, would amount to near fifty pounds; from whence he may learn how frugality in small matters produces comfort and wealth. And if the time fhould come, in which extravagance in the ufe of bread fhould create a famine, he might then look back and fay, "Had it pleafed heaven to give me common prudence, I might have preferved my life." We fhall add only two fhort paffages; referring our Readers for other material reflections, to the pamphlet itfelf:- That the finest flour,' fays he, is moft cohesive and nutritive, I grant; but it is obvious, that a mixture of the lefs finer parts (being real flour) keeps the body cool, and opens the paffages for circulation, from whence health, nutrition, and strength flow. It must be alfo granted, that to wafte fo much wheat; or give it to the brutes; or condemn the peafant, who labours hardelt, to eat the offal (or coarfeft parts) of his own wheat, and ours alfo, and at the fame time plead for finé bread for common ufe, as beft for ftrength, is as repugnant to common fenfe, as it is to common honefty and national economy. The fource of this evil arifes from confounding coarfe bread, (viz. brown bread, with a confiderable portion of the bran in it) which is purgative to people not used to it, and genuine bread made of the whole pure flour of the wheat; thus puzzling the queftion, and giving a Tanction to tyranny over the poor.' Let us have time to fubdue our prejudices, and we fhall find that bread of all the flour of the wheat, for the general ufe, is better both in quality and price than the prefent affized wheaten bread.' The Writer proceeds to offer fome calculations in fupport of his affertion. He feems to fpeak equitably on thofe points that are peculiarly relative to the bakers; and he propofes fome directions for our magiftrates but however the cafe may be with respect to magiitrates in London, it is well known that in country-places this article is feldom any object of their attention; it is left entirely to the venders of the commodity, to conduct and manage it at their pleasure. As to the late act of parliament, it does not appear that much regard is paid to it any where. Hi. Art. 30. A Dictionary of the Hindoftan Language; in two Parts" 1. English and Hindoflan. II. Hindoftan and English. The latter containing a great variety of Phrafes, to point out the Idiom, and facilitate the Acquifition of the Language. To which is prefixed a Grammar of the Hindoftan Language. By John Ferguion, A. M. Captain in the Service of the East India Company. 4to. 21. 2 s. Cadell. 1773. Although this work is by no means a complete performance of the kind, it may be of confiderable fervice to thofe for whofe ufe it is tended; as we have at prefent no better, indeed no other, diction Dd z ary |