The number of military delinquents, confined for different periods in the prison-house at Dresden, was

The salary of a cabinet minister in Saxony is 5000 thalers annually. The minister for foreign affairs receives 3000 thalers, besides for the expenses of hospitality. A judge receives 2000 thalers annuallyt. The deputies receive (I believe) three thalers daily for their expenses. The wages of a man-servant are about 20 thalers annually: 25 are large wages. A female cook receives, perhaps, 14 thalers annually; but the servants have a small present made to them at certain festivals.

The rent of the first floor of one of the best mansions of DresSuch is the rent

den is about 500 thalers annually, unfurnished. which one of the chief foreign ministers pays. A first or second floor of an excellent house may be had for 200 dollars annually, and a sufficiently good one for a moderate family for 100 up to 150 thalers.

The total number of English who have spent more than one year at Dresden, and who are at present residing there, is 150.

The number of passports annually delivered at Dresden, is, on an average of six years, 3000. This number appears somewhat small probably, it only refers to new passports, and not to passports examined.

The Statistical Society of Dresden, in its last Annual Report, of December, 1837, publishes the remarkable fact, that the mortality of the whole kingdom fluctuates, in various places, between 1 in 19, and 1 in 65 annually.

We are indebted for many of the above statements to an important document published by the Statistical Society of Dresden, and translated in the "Proceedings of the Statistical Society of London."

A burgomaster receives 2200 thalers annually; a stadtrath receives from 1000 to 1800.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE KINGDOM OF HANOVER.

History of Hanover, from the earliest period to the present time. Genealogy of the reigning Families of Hanover and Brunswick. Present Royal Family. Statistical View of the Provinces of Hanover and of their Population; Births and Deaths; Principal Towns. Religion; Religious Institutions. Educational Institutions, Teachers, and Scholars. Prisons. Budget. Army. Density of Population; Relative Proportion of Civic Population. Statistics of Cultivation, and Proportion of Cultivated to Uncultivated Land. Division of Landed Property. Exports and Imports. Ships. Number of Tradesmen. Physical character of the Country. Products. Manufactures. Character of the Inhabitants. Administration of Justice. Description of the Town of Hanover. The Town of Göttingen.

THE accession of the electors of Hanover to the throne of England, in the person of George I., and the subsequent intimate connexion of the two states, have induced me to devote a considerable space to the history of Hanover, and to an account of its actual condition. The same motive has prompted me to enlarge in the following chapter on the subject of Brunswick, which has long been subject to the same family.

The early history of the provinces which constitute the present kingdom of Hanover, is involved in an obscurity which no research has, as yet been able to dispel. Drusus Germanicus who penetrated into the north of Germany, in order to revenge the slaughter of the Roman army by Hermann, never made any durable conquests in these regions. Their ancient inhabitants were, doubtless, Celts and Germans; and, at the beginning of the Christian era, several tribes of the latter, such as the Cheruscians, Westphalians, and Thuringians, remained masters of the territory, and formed together a duchy. The wild and inacessible nature of the country occasioned these tribes to preserve longer

than those in the south, the old German forms of government and barbarian customs.

The earliest certain data which we possess respecting these countries, are furnished by the wars of Charlemagne, who destroyed the heathen fastnesses called, according to some, Brunswyck, and, in Latin, Vicus Brunonis. The first of the Brunos on record, who are looked upon as the ancestors of the present house of Brunswick, was a Count Bruno, duke of Engern, the friend of Wittekind the Saxon. A descendant of this chief was Otho, duke of Thuringia and Saxony, who flourished about the end of the ninth century, when he inherited the territories comprising a considerable part of the present kingdom of Hanover, and who, in 911, declined the imperial crown of Germany, on account of his great age. His son Henry was chosen emperor of Germany, and was surnamed the Fowler, and sometimes the Town-builder. This prince, in whom all the manly virtues are said to have been united, seems to have been much attached to his hereditary dominions; he greatly improved the town of Brunswick, and made it the imperial residence, a privilege which it continued to enjoy under the three Othos, his successors, commonly called the Saxon emperors. After the death of Otho III., great-grandson of Henry the Fowler, Brunswick fell to his cousin, Bruno II., who began to reign in 1002, and to whom the city of Brunswick owes the rudiments of its municipal institutions. His successors were Ludolf, Egbert I., and Egbert II., the last of whom having no issue, the emperor, Henry IV., was ambitious of inheriting his possessions, and not having patience to await his natural decease, had recourse to treachery, and murdered him at his hereditary castle of Hohewort. But this crime did not obtain its object, for the people of Brunswick, roused by it to indignation, drove the emperor's hirelings out of their territory, proclaimed Gertrude, Egbert's sister, their sovereign, bore her in triumph to her ancestral castle, and swore to obey and defend her.

About the year 1090, Gertrude married Henry the Fat, count of Nordheim, whose territories were incorporated with hers. Their daughter Richenza, married Lothario, count of Supplinburg, whose territories were also united to those of the house of

Bruno. The only issue of this union was Gertrude, who espoused a Guelph, duke of Bavaria, and margrave of Este, whose house had been already celebrated for at least three centuries in Germany and Italy. This union is the common origin of the two lines of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Brunswick-Luneburg.

The family of the Guelphs can be traced so far back as the reign of Charlemagne. About the year 800, there was a Warin, count of Altorf, in Suabia, whose descendants, according to an old legend, obtained the name of Guelph in the following manner. Isenbrand, his son and successor, saw once an old woman who had three children at a birth, and thinking this unnatural, he called her an adultress. The old woman, in her anger at this insult, prayed heaven that Irmentrant, wife of the count, might have as many children at a birth, as there are months in the year. Her prayer was answered, and Irmentrant was delivered of twelve boys; but fearing the severity of her husband's character, she commanded her servant to drown eleven of them. Whilst the latter was proceeding to obey her mistress's orders, the count met her, and asked her what was in the basket she was carrying. The girl frightened, answered that they were "Guelphs," (young dogs). But the count not being satisfied with the reply, took off the cloth from the basket, and judging that the children were his own from their liveliness and strength, he preserved their lives, educated them secretly, and when they were grown up, took them all again to their mother. One of the twelve, Guelph the First was the successor of Isenbrand.

The descendant of this family, who in 1127, married the above-mentioned Gertrude, was Henry the Proud, who, in 1137, was a competitor at Mainz for the imperial crown, with Conrad of Hohenstauffen. The latter being successful, partly owing to the fear generally entertained of the overweening power of Henry, demanded of his rival that he should resign the sceptre of Saxony, inasmuch as it was illegal for one head to bear two ducal crowns. To decide the dispute, both parties had recourse to arms; and the war, which raged with the greatest fury for several years, was not quite terminated, even by the death of Henry, who was poisoned in 1140.

The son and successor of this prince, was the famous Henry the Lion, who was born 1129, and who, on coming of age in 1146, found his title to his hereditary dominions keenly disputed by his ambitious neighbours. However, he soon succeeded in driving his rival, Albert the Bear, out of Saxony, and in discomfiting the archbishop of Bremen. But in the south, he had to encounter a more powerful rival in Conrad, the emperor, who opposed his claim to Bavaria. It was in vain that he appealed for justice to the diet at Frankfort, or strengthened his position by marrying Clementina, daughter of the powerful duke of Zähringen, an inveterate foe of the imperial family; he was finally compelled to take up arms. The war was prosecuted with various success, until, in 1152, the Guelphs retaliated on their adversaries, and poisoned the emperor, at the instigation of their ally, Roger of Naples.

In the mean time, the youthful Henry had fought successfully against the Vandals, and secured, by the success of his arms, the throne of Denmark to Canute, the rival of Swene; and when, in 1154, Barbarossa, who had succeeded Conrad, ceased to contest his right to Bavaria, he became more powerful than was consistent with the stability of the imperial throne. His territories stretched from the Baltic to the Adriatic; Westphalia and Saxony-all the country between the Rhine and the Elbe-obeyed him; the greater part of Bavaria was his fief; and for the hereditary possessions of the Guelphs in Italy, his Italian vassals had not only to do him homage, but to pay him 400 marks of silver.

In 1157, he accompanied Frederic Barbarossa on his Polish expedition, when together they compelled King Boleslaw to acknowledge the supremacy of the German emperor. Barbarossa was also assisted by Henry in his Italian wars, and, as a recompense, left him uncontrolled power in the north of Germany, where he was continually engaged in extending his power, and increasing his dominions. The lion which he erected in the centre of his capital, Brunswick, was a fit emblem of his character and projects. He made the Sclavonian rulers of Pomerania and Mecklenburg his vassals; and another Sclavonian prince, Niklot, who took up arms against his ambition, and who was offended, also,