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The principal towns are, Carlsruhe, the capital (21,249 inhabitants, Mannheim (20,584), Freiburg (12,206), Heidelberg (11,811), Bruchsal (7137), Pforzheim (6259), Lahr (5599), Rastadt (5516), and Constance (5220).

The inhabitants are all Jews, and of 520 French.

Germans, with the exception of the
The numbers of the various religious

denominations are given in the foregoing table.

There are two universities, at Heidelberg and Freiburg; at that of Heidelberg, in the winter of 1834, there were 580 students; viz., 38 students of theology; 238 of law; 222 of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy; 58 of political economy and mineralogy; and 24 of philosophy and philology. At the university of Freiburg, in 1834-5, there were 445 students.

In the Baden Protestant church, there are 28 dioceses, 28 deaneries, and 318 parishes. Of the Catholic church, there is 1 archbishop, cathedral-chapter, and episcopal ordinariat; there are 35 land-chapters, 35 deaneries, and 723 parishes. In this country, there are 4 lyceums, 6 gymnasiums, 6 pedagogiums, 14 Latin schools, 8 seminaries for females, 1 evangelical and 1 Catholic seminary for schoolmasters, 1 institution for the deaf and dumb, 1 veterinary school, 1 polytechnical and 1 trade school, and a military academy.

The net annual revenue of the grand duchy for the years 1835 and 1836, was 7,905,091 florins.

The public debt amounted, in 1831, to 13,263,390 florins.

In November, 1833, 1,602,042 florins, 30 kreutzers, papermoney, which had been called in between June 1, 1832, and May 31, 1833, were destroyed.

In 1833, the sum devoted to paying off the national debt amounted to 889,869 florins; in 1834, to 892,038 florins.

The standing army contains 10,412 men, and is divided into 1 division, or 8 battalions of infantry, 8045 men, and 1 brigade of cavalry, or 3 regiments of dragoons, 1518 men. The contingent to the army of the confederation is 10,000 men.

The present form of government is an hereditary, constitutional monarchy, established by the deed of August 22, 1831. There are two chambers of representatives, to the first of which, no person

is eligible, who is not twenty-five years of age, and to the second, none who is not thirty years of age. All candidates must be of the Christian religion. Candidates for a seat in the second chamber, must prove that they are either in possession of a capital of 10,000 florins, or that they are in the receipt of an annual income of 1500 florins. Every citizen, and every person filling a civil office, has the right of voting for a member of the diet, who is chosen for eight years.

Females are excluded from succession to the throne, so long as there exists a male representative of the ruling family.

There are the usual ministers of state. Each circle has a director, who resides in its chief town. There is a director of the forests and mines, and another of the domains, a third of the taxes, and a fourth of the supreme chamber of accounts. The postoffice is also under the superintendance of a director. Besides these, there are directors of the Evangelical church-section, and of the Catholic church-section.

The officers of the court are a grand master of the court, à grand chamberlain, a grand marshal, a marshal of the court, an intendant of the domains of the court, and an intendant of the court-music and of the court-theatre.

The number of law-suits has of late years very much increased in Baden. In 1814, there were 1674; in 1833, 2994. In 1833, 1131 trials were decided in the criminal courts, and sentence was pronounced upon 1629 persons, of whom 673 were acquitted, and 956 declared guilty of the charges brought against them. Of the latter, 7 were condemned to death, and all executed, with the exception of one, who committed suicide; but in 1830, all those who were condemned to death, 8 in number, had their sentences commuted to imprisonment. 206 of the persons convicted, were condemned to imprisonment; 10 for more than 15 years, and 30 for less than a year; the others for different intermediate periods. 129 of the culprits were condemned to labour at public works in a particular dress, and three to hard imprisonment. On the whole, 338 persons were punished by imprisonment or hard labour, and 611 by lighter inflictions. The proportion of persons tried for criminal offences to the whole population,

was that of 1 to 748; of those punished, 1 to 1275. Of those tried, 13.5 per cent. were females; of those punished, 14 per cent.

In 1833, 5.7 per cent. of those tried, and 6-2 of those convicted, were between 14 and 18 years of age; 48 per cent. of the prisoners, and 50 per cent. of the convicts, were between 18 and 30; 23-28 per cent. of the prisoners, and 21.65 per cent. of the convicts, were between 30 and 40; 13 per cent. of the prisoners, and 11.82 per cent of the convicts, between 40 and 50; 6.50 per cent. of the prisoners, and 6.25 per cent. of the convicts, between 50 and 60; and 2 per cent. of the former, and 2 of the latter, between 60 and 70.

Of the whole number of convicts in 1830, 35 per cent. were Protestants, 63.5 per cent. Catholics, and 15 per cent. Jews. Of the 1629 persons tried, 1056 were either bachelors or widowers, 986 had no trade or profession, 1178 were totally without, and 142 were possessed of property. 54 persons were moving in respectable society; and of these, 22 were convicted, and 6 condemned to imprisonment and hard labour. 15 persons were tried for political offences.

In the year 1833, in the courts of the bailiwicks, 3055 persons were tried, 639 acquitted, and 2416 convicted. Of the whole number 333 were women, of whom 83 were acquitted, and 250 condemned. In the same year, there were 1050 offences committed, of which the perpetrators have not yet been discovered; of these, 162 were burglaries, 13 street-robberies, and 3 murders. There were 67 suicides, besides 7 attempts at suicide, and 164 deaths from accident.

Prostitutes are not tolerated by the police in Baden, in any places except Mannheim and Carlsruhe, the principal cities, and also at Baden, the much-frequented mineral spring, during its season. They are visited by an official surgeon once a week, and the police is charged to maintain a vigilant superintendance over them.

According to Schnabel, the population of this country increases annually at the rate of 1 per cent.; according to Stein, and his editor Hörschelmann, the increase is nearly 14 per cent. annually.

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE ELECTORATE OF HESSE-CASSEL.

The Ruling Family. Provinces and Population; Principal Towns. Religion. Educational Institutions. Budget; Army. Form of Government; Ministers and Officers of the Court.

THE ruling family of the electorate of Hesse is of the reformed religion. The present prince elector and grand duke is William II., born July 28, 1777, married 1797, to Augusta, princess of Prussia, who succeeded to the throne, February 27, 1821. His children are, Caroline, born 1799; Frederic William, prince elector, co-regent since October 1, 1831, born August 20, 1802, united, in morganatic marriage, to the countess of Schaumburg; and Maria, married to the duke of Saxe-Meiningen. The prince elector has two sisters, Maria Frederica, now dowagerduchess of Anhalt-Bernburg, and Caroline, now dowagerduchess of Saxe-Gotha. He has also two uncles, Charles, landgrave, Danish field-marshal, and stadtholder of the provinces of Sleswick and Holstein; and Frederic, landgrave, a Hessian general of infantry, both of whom have several descendants. Among the offspring of the Landgrave Frederic, are two distinguished ladies—the grand duchess of Cambridge, and the grand duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

The following is a view of the provinces of the electorate, and of their population.

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The principal towns are, Cassel (29,931 inhabitants, not includ

ing soldiers), Hanau (14,834), Fulda (9764), Marburg (7512), Hersfeld (6343).

With the exception of the Jews, and of 2700 persons of French extraction, all the inhabitants are Germans. According to the Weimar Almanach of 1837, 618,349 of the inhabitants are of the evangelical confession, 103,000 are Catholics, 8300 Jews, and 260 Mennonites; this sum considerably exceeds the whole population above stated.

There are 1 general superintendantship, 4 superintendantships, 3 inspectorships, 41 classes, 291 Protestant parishes, of which 19 are French, 1 Catholic bishop, 63 Catholic parishes, and 18 synagogues.

The university at Marburg numbered, in 1833, 422 students. There is 1 lyceum, 1 pedagogium, 6 gymnasiums, 1 episcopal seminary, 3 seminaries for schoolmasters, 2 academies for drawing and painting, 2 institutions for foresters, and 63 town-schools.

Dollars. Gro.

The Expenditure for the Finance-Period of 1834-36, was 3,258,212 16
The Revenue for the same period

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3,069,540 0

Deficit

The public debt amounts to 1,900,000 florins.

188,672 16

The army is composed of 2 brigades of infantry, 2 regiments of cavalry, 1 horse and 2 foot batteries of artillery, and 1 company of pioneers and workmen. The contingent to the army of the confederation is 5679 men.

The government is monarchical and representative. The representatives form only one chamber. The constitution was granted January 5, 1831. The crown is hereditary, to the exclusion of females; the law (Hausgeset≈) of March 4, 1817, regulates the family affairs of the grand-ducal house.

The members of the state-ministry are the ministers of finance, of war, of foreign affairs, of justice, and the interior, the director of the grand state-chest (Hauptstaatskasse), and two ministerial councillors.

The chief officers of court are a grand marshal of the court, an intendant-general of the theatre, a grand huntsman and chamberlain, a marshal of the court and chamber, a grand equerry and chamberlain, and a captain of the palace and chamberlain.

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