The officers of government for the principality are, a courtcouncillor, and a chief bailiff (Obervogt) at Vaduz.

66

"I

Mr. Cooper, the American traveller, is pleased to be extremely facetious at the expense of the territory of Liechtenstein. turned to the maps and guide-books with a good deal of curiosity, in order to ascertain if, after having reaped the honour of discovering a mountain, it was now to be my good fortune to discover a country! Everybody knows where San Marino is to be found; and as for Monaco, I have actually been in it; but, by no process of study, or by no inquiry, could I ascertain where this Liechtenstein is. If I asked a German and he pretended to know, the next of his countrymen to whom I put the question, was certain to change the site to another quarter of the empire. After all, I was obliged to abandon the point, and, to this hour, I am as ignorant as ever where Liechtenstein is*."

But as Mr. Cooper points his heavy artillery even more broadly against his own countrymen, than upon foreigners, the Liechtensteins will not be much discomposed,-and their name and domain will probably survive even the works of Cooper.

It will be perceived that this family is in possession of very large mediatized property, of far more importance and extent than that of which they enjoy the sovereignty.

"Excursions in Switzerland," vol. ii. p. 89–91.

CHAPTER XLIV.

THE DUCHY OF HOLSTEIN.

The Ruling Family. Districts and Population; Towns. Religion. Budget; Army. Form of Government.

HOLSTEIN, a part of the kingdom of Denmark, is briefly noticed here, as it entitles the king to a seat in the German diet.

The ducal family is of the Lutheran religion. The present duke is King Frederic IV., born in 1768, who was made co-regent in 1784, and who succeeded his father, March 13, 1808. He married, July 31, 1790, Maria, princess of Hesse-Cassel. He has two daughters, Caroline, born in 1793, married, 1829, to her cousin, Prince Ferdinand; and Wilhelmina, born in 1808, married, 1828, to her second cousin, Prince Frederic.

The area of the duchy is 172-55 square miles, of which 19.05 form the province of Lauenburg. The population, in 1828, was 410,385; namely, 374,745 in Holstein, and 35,640 in Lauenburg. There are, 17 towns, 23 market-towns, 163 villages with livings, 443 small villages and hamlets, 52,500 houses. The inhabitants are all Germans and Lutherans, with the exception of 500 members of the Reformed church, 900 Catholics, 400 Mennonites, and 3000 Jews. The capital, Glückstadt, contains 5,200 inhabitants, Altona 26,000, Kiel 11,791, and Rendsburg 7700.

The revenue is 2,400,000 florins, of which Holstein contributes 2,120,000 florins, and Lauenburg 280,000 florins.

In

The contingent to the army of the confederacy is 3,900 men. The government is monarchical, with a diet since 1834. Kiel, the university of Holstein, is placed in an agreeable country, and maintains an active communication with Copenhagen by steam-boats. The library contains 100,000 volumes. the winter of 1829-30, there were 152 students in theology, 105 in law, 57 in medicine, and 19 in other studies. The professors who enjoy the greatest note are, Twesten, in theology, and I. Olshausen, who has been engaged in publishing the original of the "Zendavesta."

CHAPTER XLV.

THE PRINCIPALITIES OF REUSS.

The Ruling Families. Divisions and Population; Principal Towns. Budget; Army. Form of Government; Ministers and Officers of the Courts.

ALL the princes of Reuss are of the Protestant religion. The heads of the different families are as follows:-1. Henry XX., prince of Reuss-Greitz, born 1794, succeeded to the throne 1836, married, 1834, to Sophia, princess of Lowenstein-WertheimRosenberg; 2. Henry LXII., prince of Reuss-Schleiz, born 1785, succeeded his father 1818; 3. Henry LXIV., prince of Reuss-Schleiz-Köstritz, born 1787, succeeded his father 1814; 4. Henry LXXII., born 1797, prince of Reuss-Lobenstein and Ebersdorf, succeeded his father 1822. The family of Greitz is the elder line; all the others are members of the younger, or Schleiz.

The following is a view of the divisions of Reuss, and of their population:

In 1835, the lordship of Droyssig, in the Weissenfels circle of the Prussian dukedom of Saxony, fell to the prince of Lobenstein-Ebersdorf, who took possession of it, June 9, 1835. It consists of 24 villages.

The principal towns of Reuss are, Gera (9050 inhabitants), and Greitz (6500). The population is entirely German, with

the exception of 300 Jews; besides whom, and 400 Herrnhuters, all the inhabitants are Lutherans.

The revenue of Greitz is 140,000 florins; of Schleiz 200,000 florins; of Lobenstein 210,000; and of Köstritz 60,000.

The contingent to the army of the confederacy is, 206 men for the elder line, and 538 for the younger.

The government is monarchical and constitutional. The diet consists of three deputies of the nobles, and four of the towns, for Greitz; of three of the nobles, and three of the towns, for Schleiz; of the same, for Lobenstein and Ebersdorf; and for Gera, of six deputies of the nobles, and two of the town, Gera.

There is one minister at Greitz, who has the titles of president

of the prince's cabinet, of the government, the exchequer, the consistory, and the department of taxation. At Schleiz, and at Ebersdorf, the cabinet consists of three individuals.

At Reuss-Greitz, there is a marshal of the court; at Schleiz, a marshal of the house; at Lobenstein and Ebersdorf, a marshal of the house, an equerry, and a court-cavalier.

Gera is the chief place of the principalities of Reuss; it is a handsome town, containing 11,000 inhabitants, and carrying on active manufactures and trade. In the neighbourhood is the magnificent valley of the Elster. The agreeable baths of Ronneburg are in the vicinity. The waters are ferruginous, and are used both internally and externally.

CHAPTER XLVI.

THE GRAND DUCHY OF OLDENBURG.

The Ruling Family. Provinces and Population; Births and Deaths in 1833. Religion; Educational Institutions. Army. Form of Government; Ministers and Officers of the Court.

The grand-ducal house of Oldenburg is of the Lutheran religion. The present grand duke is Augustus, born in 1783, who succeeded to the throne in 1829. He has been three times married; first, to Adelaide, princess of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg, who died 1820; secondly, to Ida, the sister of his late wife, who died 1828; and, thirdly, to Cecilia, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus IV., formerly king of Sweden. He has two daughters by his first wife, of whom Amelia is queen of Greece; one son, Peter, the heir-apparent, by his second; and one by his third.

The following is a view of the provinces of Oldenburg, and of their population:

In the duchy of Oldenburg itself, there were 7052 births in 1833; of these 3646 were male, and 3406 female; there were only 4852 deaths.

The mass of the population are Lutherans, but there are 70,880 Catholics, and 2314 members of the Reformed church. With the exception of 980 Jews, all the inhabitants are Germans.