1. 123. mandare, infin., poetically used in imitation of the Greek idiom, R. 540. 3.

1. 125. Note the conditional sequence and force of the tenses. The fut. part. depending on the auxiliary verb, in the apodosis, expresses probability or possibility. 'If you were carrying with you all the thoughts that keep occurring to me, you would be likely to be a heavy burden.' For the form of conditional sentence see on 6. 14.

1. 126. laturo, probably the book was carried to Rome by one of the sailors of the ship that carried his goods to Tomi (he himself went from Tempyra in Thrace by land; inf. xi. introd.), for the next couplet seems to imply that he had already arrived, hence habitabitur orbis ultimus will mean 'the world's end will now be my home,' not 'will soon be my home,' as it is explained by those who consider that this book was written from Thrace before he arrived at Tomi.

eras, the indic. is used because not the occurrence of the act but its probability is stated, R. 643, c.

1. 127. nobis is dat. of agent.

EL. II.

Written during a storm on the Ionian sea. Sir Aston Cokain had this description in his mind; Tragedy of Ovid, Act ii. Sc. 1 :

Han. From Ostia we have had a voyage hither

so fraught with storms and tempests, that I wonder
the sea-gods-

Cac.
the sea-monsters call them rather—
Han. were not all tired with using so much rage

on us, etc.

SUMMARY.-Ye gods of sea and sky, spare me and save me from the storm. The divine Caesar, it is true, is angry; but it is the custom of the gods to support a stricken mortal against a fellow-god's wrath (1-12). Ah! poor wretch! my words' fall unavailing: the tempest gathers force, and the wild winds whirl away my sails and supplications alike unheeding. The very pilot is distracted, and each wave that breaks seems destined to engulf us (13-36). My dear wife's sorrow is all for my exile; little she knows that death by shipwreck is likely to be my portion. Still, if I die, half of myself survives in her (37-44). Thunder and lightning is added to the horrors of the hour. Death I do not dread, but only death by shipwreck. He that dies on land can cheer himself with the hope of burial: his body will not be food for the monsters of the deep. Save me, ye gods, and these that are my fellows, for they at least have not deserved such a death. Nay, my very judge

did not condemn me to death, as he easily might have done, but only to, exile. Exile is surely punishment enough (45-74). I am not sailing in search of wealth or pleasure; Tomi, on the shores of the Euxine, is my destination (75-86). Whether you hate or love me, you surely will bring me safe to the port that Caesar has ordained (87-94). I have deserved my sentence I know, yet my guilt was not wilful. If I have always been a humble supporter of the house of Caesar, then spare me, if not, whelm me in the deep. Lo! I am not deceived; you have heard my prayer, and are vouchsafing to abate the storm (95-110).

1. 1. The di maris are invoked as controlling the seas, the di caeli as supreme over the wind; cp. 59, superi viridesque dei.

supersunt, iv. 1o. 85, 'si tamen exstinctis aliquid nisi nomina restant: P. iv. 2. 45, ‘Quid, nisi Pierides, solacia frigida, restant.' The pl. number is due to two considerations: (1) grammatical attraction to the nearest subst., and (2) to the emphasis being on vota. Conversely, in M. xiv. 396, 'nec quicquam antiquum Pico, nisi nomina, restat,' the verb is not attracted to the number of nomina because the stress is on quicquam antiquum, 'nothing of his former self is left to Picus.'

1. 2. membra, 'pieces.' Ibis 17 and 278.

1. 3. subscribite, 'give your support to.'

Subscribere properly

means to act as subscriptor, a subordinate advocate for the prosecution. Cic. div. in Caec. § 47, ipse nihil est, nihil potest: at venit paratus cum subscriptoribus exercitatis et disertis.'

1. 4. Caesar has already been mentioned as a god, 1. 71 and 81.

1. 5. The illustrations are taken from the Iliad (5-6), the Aeneid (7-8), and the Odyssey (9-10). Turnus, King of the Rutulians, was robbed of his bride Lavinia by Aeneas (who came to Latium after the sack of Troy), and led the Italians in the war against the invading Trojans. Milton, P. L. ix. 16, 'rage Of Turnus for Lavinia disespoused; Or Neptune's ire, or Juno's, that so long Perplex'd the Greek, and Cytherea's son.' (Perhaps we should transpose 7-8, and 9-10, so that the instances from Homer may stand together.)

1. 8. numine, 'protection,' abl. instr. Inf. x. 12,

1. 9. cautum is meant to express the standing epithets of Ulysses, the shrewd and patient hero of the Odyssey, πολύτροπος, πολύμητις, who is always able by his cleverness to find an escape from the greatest perils. Neptune's anger against Ulysses was caused partly because he had killed his grandson Palamedes, and partly because he had blinded his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus.

1. 10. Cp. inf. 5. 76.

self; I who by my fault have provoked him am afraid lest once again I may draw down his wrath upon myself. Perhaps thou hadst best be content with a public of low degree (69-88). But in so difficult a matter I will not counsel thee; circumstances alone can direct thee aright (89-92). Perhaps some kind friend may introduce thee to the august presence; and then I wish thee all success, and pray that the imperial anger may be pacified (93-104). When thou art arrived at thy master's home, avoid those brothers of thine, the Art of Love, the murderers of their sire; say, too, that the story of my altered fortune may now be added to the changes of shape of which I have sung (105-122). This is my message; more were too great a burden for thee, for the road is long (123-128).

་

1. 1. nec. invideo, 'I bear you no grudge for it.' Cic. Tusc. iv. 8. § 17, 'invidentiam esse dicunt aegritudinem susceptam propter alterius res secundas, quae nihil noceant invidenti.'

1. 2. quod licet. Indic., because the writer's opinion is directly stated: R. 741. The form of expression is common with Ov.; cp. infr. 112; 6. 29.

13. exulis, sc. librum.

1. 4. temporis huius, wear in thy woe the attire that befits this hour.' 11. 5-8. Be not thy wrapper of the bilberry's purple hue, that colour assorts not well with sorrow: let no vermeil stain thy letter-piece, thy page no cedar oil; bear thou no white bosses on thy sable edge.'

For a full account of the structure of the ancient book, and of the terms used in the present passage, see Appendix.

1. 5. vaccinium is probably the bilberry, the purple juice of whose berries was smeared upon the parchment. Vergil, Ecl. ii. 18, speaks of 'vaccinia nigra' with reference to the dark external appearance of the berry; Ovid adds purpureo fuco because it is with the colouring matter that he is concerned.

1. 9. 'Let such equipments as these furnish forth the volumes of the fortunate.'

1. 12. sparsis, applied to hair, means disordered,' 'dishevelled,' and is a stronger word than passis (pt. of pando), wrongly read here by Güthling, which means simply unloosened, and is applied to women only (see Forcell.); whereas in Ovid's imagery books are always males.

1. 14. Perhaps a reminiscence of Prop. iv. (v.) 3. 4, 'Haec erit e lacrimis facta litura meis.'

116. At least I'll touch them with what foot I may.' There is a play on the double meaning of pes: though I may not touch Roman soil with the foot of my body, I may yet do so with the foot of my

verse.

Pes means the metre, not the foot in our sense; so in Ibis 45

he says of the elegiac metre:

'Prima quidem coepto committam proelia versu,

non soleant quamvis hoc pede bella geri.' For another play upon words see infr. 11. 16, and cp. iv. 5. 7, 'cuius eram censu non me sensurus egentem.'

1. 17. in populo, as may well be in the crowd,' a brachylogy common with Ovid: cp. ii. 158, 'cuius, ut in populo, pars ego nuper eram;' P. i. 7. 16, in quibus, ut populo, pars ego parva fui;' iv. 5. * 11, 'siquis, ut in populo, qui sitis et unde, requiret.' See Verg. Aen. i. 148.

illi is the primitive form of illic (cp. isti), found again in ii. 373, 'quid prius est illi flamma Briseidos?' F. vi.. 424, hoc superest illi, Pallaeda Roma tenet;' frequent in Plaut. and Ter., and occurring also in Cic. Fam. viii. 15. 2 (Neue Formenlehre, ii. 629).

With illi supply est: the omission of the substantive verb is common with Ovid; see inf. 21. 56; 2. 102; 5.53; 8. 38; iv. 4. 45, 53; v. 7.52 14. 31.

1. 18. requiret. The subj. would be more usual, cp. inf. 66, but the indic. is not uncommon in poets after such expressions as est (sunt) qui, used to define existing persons or classes. R. 703, 707.

1. 19. salvum, 'well.' Cp. the ordinary salutation, ‘satin salvus?' 1. 20. quod is the causal conjunction, which naturally takes an indic. in a subordinate clause like the present, denoting a fact in apposition to the object of the verb habere. (Professor Nettleship quotes Hor. c. iv. 3. 24, quod spiro ac placeo, si placeo, tuum est'); here the subj. is used because these words are to be reported by the Book as the words of its master.

1. 21. And these injunctions given, then silent-he that asks more must read-beware lest thou chance to speak what thou shouldst not.' Ita is restrictive, qualifying tacitus: see L. and S. s. v. ita, II. D. Ita tacitus his dictis tacitus: silent, but only after having uttered the instructions I have just given. So inf. 56, sic hoc studio. legendum, sc. est.

1. 22. Quae is acc., object to loqui, understood.

=

1. 23. répetet, sc. cogitando, 'will go back to' in his thoughts, i. e. will recall. Inf. 3. 3.

mea crimina,'' my offences.' The plural is either used loosely or may refer to the two offences he had committed against Augustus, (1) the writing of the Ars Amatoria, (2) the unknown offence. Cp. inf. 2. 96.

1. 24. Peragere reum is the legal phrase for to continue a prosecution till the defendant is condemned. Translate: 'I shall be bitterly arraigned as a state-offender in the people's mouth:' cp. P. 6. iv. 30, 'posse tuo peragi vix putet ore reos.' [Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. viii. 8. 1.

H. J. R.] The sense is, However much you hear me criticised you must not defend me. Agere reum, on the other hand (inf. 8. 46. P, iv. 14. 38), is simply to accuse a man. For publicus, cp. Cic. ad Fam. vi. 6. 7, where augur publicus='a political prophet.'

1. 25. cavě. This word and vidě are the only such imperatives whose final e is shortened in classical writers; though the scansion is common in Plaut. and Ter., and the licence is greatly enlarged by Christian writers (Lucian Müller, De re Metr. p. 340).

defendas, jussive subj.
quamvis mordebere.

is post-Ciceronian: R. 677 d.

in quasi-dependence on cave.

Quamvis with indic., common in Ovid,
Wilkins on Hor. Epp. i. 14. 6.

1. 26. patrocinio, instrum. abl., 'through advocacy.'

1. 27. ademptum, a word specially used of those taken away by death; to which Ovid is fond of likening his banishment (inf. 113 n.). Cp. iv. 10. 79, 'non aliter flevi [sc. his dead brother] quam me fleturus ademptum Ille fuit.'

1. 28. ista, these verses on your pages. Contrast ille (31), 'that far friend of mine unknown.' Note the elegance with which the burden of v. 30 is amplified and enforced in vv. 32-34.

1. 32. miseris, quite general, the wretched,' with his own case specially in view.

1. 33. Princeps, not to be confounded with princeps senatus, was the informal appellation which the acute moderation of Augustus led him to choose as his distinctive citizen-title. He was the foremost citizen of Rome, and so describes himself in the Mon. Anc. ii. 45; vi. 6. Thus Tacitus (A. 1. 1.) says of him, 'cuncta discordiis civilibus fessa nomine principis sub imperium accepit.'

1. 34. The ancients, like the modern Chinese, regarded it as ill-omened to die in a foreign land. See the touching prayer of Tibullus (i. 3) when sick at Corcyra, that he may not die away from home.

det, with infin. as object, R. 534.

1. 35. ut, concessive, as inf. 61. ii. 43.

1. 36. ingenii, possessive gen., ' And you will be said to fall short of the fame won by my genius.' Ferere, sc. omnium sermonibus (L. and S. s.v. II. A. 7.), cp. v. 14. 3, ‘Detrahat auctori multum fortuna, licebit : Tu tamen ingenio clara ferere meo.' He then proceeds to show cause why he may well fall short of his former excellence.

1. 37. iudicis, the judge, and so the critic. [With tempora rerum Prof. Nettleship compares Verg. Aen. vii. 36, quae tempora rerum.']

1. 39. deducta, metaphor from drawing out the threads from the distaff. Hor. Epp. ii. 1. 225; Prop. i. 16. 41. For tempora cp. inf. 9. 6. Serenus-dry, and so cloudless, is contrasted with nubila.