Thrace; here they built Abdera 214, the foundations of which were originally laid by Timesius 215 of Clazomena. He enjoyed no advantage from his labours, but was banished by the Thracians, though now venerated by the Teians of Abdera, as a hero.

CLXIX. These Ionians alone, through a warm attachment to liberty, thus abandoned their native country. The rest of these people, excepting the Milesians, met Harpagus in the field, and like

their

214 Abdera.]-Of this place many singularities are related by Lucian and Pliny. The grass of the country was so strong, that such horses as ate of it ran mad. The inhabitants were afflicted with a fever, which so disturbed their imaginations, that they fancied themselves actors, and were, during the delirium, eternally repeating some verses from the Andromeda of Euripides. It produced, however, many famous men. It was the birth-place of Democritus, of Protagoras, Anaxarchus, Hecatæus, and others.-T.

15 Timesius.]-Larcher, on the authority of Plutarch and Elian, reads Timesias. The reading in all the manuscripts and editions of Herodotus, is Timesius.

Timesias was governor of Clazomenæ, and a man of great integrity. Envy, which always persecutes such characters, ultimately effected his disgrace. He was for a time regardless of its consequences: but it at length banished him from his country. He was passing by a school, before which the boys, dismissed by their master, were playing. Two of them were quarrelling about a piece of string. "I wish," says one of them, "I might so dash out the brains of Timesias." Hearing this, he concluded that if he was thus hated by boys, as well as men, the dislike of his person must be universal indeed; he therefore voluntarily banished himself.Elian.

their friends, who had sought another residence, fought like men and patriots. Upon being conquered, they continued in their several cities, and submitted to the wills of their new masters. The Milesians, who, as I have before mentioned, had formed a league of amity with Cyrus, lived in undisturbed tranquillity. Thus was Ionia reduced a second time to servitude. Awed by the fate of their countrymen on the continent, the Ionians of the islands, without any resistance, submitted themselves to Harpagus and Cyrus.

CLXX. The Ionians, though thus depressed, did not omit assembling at Panionium, where, aș I have been informed, Bias of Priene gave them advice so full of wisdom, that their compliance with it would have rendered them the happiest of the Greeks. He recommended them to form one general fleet, to proceed with this to Sardinia, and there erect one city capable of receiving all the Ionians. Thus they might have lived in the enjoyment of their liberties, and possessing the greatest of all the islands, might have been secure of the dependence of the rest. On the contrary, their continuance in Ionia rendered every expectation of their recovering their independence quite impossible. This, in their fallen condition, was the advice of Bias; but before their calamities, Thales the Milesian, who was in fact of Phoenician origin, had wisely counselled them to have one general representation

representation of the Ionians at Teos, this being a central situation; of which the other cities, still using their own customs and laws, might be considered as so many different tribes. Such were the different suggestions of these two persons.

CLXXI. On the reduction of Ionia, Harpagus incorporated the Ionians and Eolians with his forces, and proceeded against the Carians, Caunians, and Lycians. The Carians formerly were islanders, in subjection to Minos, and called Leleges*. But I do not, after the strictest examination, find that they ever paid tribute. They supplied Minos, as often as he requested, with a number of vessels, and at the period of his great prosperity and various victories, were distinguished above their neighbours by their ingenuity. Three improvements now in use among the Greeks, are imputed to them. The Carians were the first who added crests to their helmets, and ornaments to their shields. They were also the

first

* Called Leleges.]-They are distinguished from the Leleges by Homer, who makes them two distinct people. See book 10th of the Iliad:

The Carians, Caucons, the Pelasgian host,

And Leleges, encamp along the coast.

Here I must censure Mr. Pope. Homer calls the Pelasgi, So, which strong epithet is totally omitted in the translation.

Strabo, in his 12th book, calls the Leleges, λamτas, wanderers.

first who gave the shield its handle 216.

Before their time, such as bore shields had no other means of managing them but by a piece of leather suspended from the neck over the left shoulder. After a long interval of time, the Dorians and Ionians expelled the Carians, who, thus driven from the islands, settled on the continent. The above information concerning the Carians is received from Crete; they themselves contradict it altogether, and affirm that they are original natives of the continent, and had never but one name. In confirmation of this, they show at Mylassa", a very ancient structure, built in honour of the Carian Jove, to the privileges of which the Lydians and Mysians are also admitted, as being of the same origin. According to their account, Lydus and Misus were brothers of Cares; the

use

216 Its handle.]-It appears from Homer, that in the time of the Trojan war the buckler had two handles of wood, one through which the arm was passed; the other was grasped by the hand, to regulate its movement. See Iliad 8, 193. This particularity is omitted by Mr. Pope, who contents himself with saying, shield of gold. The original is, the shield is intirely of gold, handles and all.-xavovas te ky αυτην. -T.

Sophocles, therefore, has been guilty of an anachronism, in giving the shield of Ajax a handle of leather.-Larcher.

217 Mylassa.]-Now called Melasso.-Besides the temple here mentioned, there was another of great antiquity, in honour of Jupiter Osogus. In after-times a beautiful temple was constructed at this place, sacred to Augustus and to Rome. Melasso is at the present day remarkable for pro ducing the tobacco in Turkey.-T.

use of the above temple is therefore granted to their descendants, but to no other nation, though distinguished by the use of the same language.

CLXXII. The Caunians are in my opinion the aborigines of the country, notwithstanding their own assertion that they came from Crete. I am not able to speak with decision on the subject; but it is certain, that either they adopted the Carian, or the Carians accommodated themselves to their language. Their laws and customs differ essentially from those of other nations, and no less so from the Carians. Among them it is esteemed highly meritorious to make drinking parties, to which they resort in crowds, both men, women, and children, according to their different ages and attachments. In earlier times they adopted the religious ceremonies of foreign nations; but determining afterwards to have no deities but those of their own country, they assembled of all ages in arms, and rushing forwards, brandishing their spears as in the act of pursuit, they stopped not until they came to the mountains of Calynda, crying aloud that they were expelling their foreign gods.

CLXXIII. The Lycians certainly derive their origin from Crete 19. The whole of this island

was

19 Crete.]-Now called Candia. For an account of its

precise