distinguished Southern novelist, William Gilmore Simms, consists of some three hundred and fifty odd pages, and is by no means full or minute. The tendency of all battle-literature is to expand and amplify. To be concise, and yet correct, is next to impossible. This must be my excuse for any lack of minuteness in these papers. To give a general idea of the achievements of my heroes, I am obliged to compress them. In 1782 Marion was elected a member of the Assembly, from the Parish of St. John's, Berkley. He represented the same parish, the reader will remember, at the beginning of the war. The Assembly met at Jacksonborough, a little village on the Edesto, within striking distance of the British army and Charleston. This brought Marion back to the scenes of his first battles. He left his brigade in charge of Colonel Horry. It was not fortunate in his absence, being nearly cut to pieces by a strong party of the British. After the Assembly had transacted the business for which they convened, Marion rejoined his men. A series of skirmishes, differing in no essential particular from those already mentioned, succeeded, now in favor of the British, and now in favor of the Americans. Nowhere so much as in battle-fields does fortune display her impartial fickleness. But fortune is not the only power by which the destinies of a nation are molded. Beyond and above her blind dispensations rules the spirit and character of that people-the fiery souls of its men. Given the manly and independent character of the American colonists, no seer was needed to prophesy their ultimate success. In spite of their many defeats they continually conquered. While Marion was with his men at Watboo, the British evacuated Charleston, and the war, as far as the South was concerned, was virtually over. He called his beloved comrades around him, and bidding them a touching farewell, retired to his estate at St. John's. It was sadly out at elbows; for lying within a mile of the ordinary route of the British army, we may be sure they did not spare it. They took away one half of his negroes, and would have taken the rest, had they not followed his example, and fled to the swamps and forests. Ten workers came back to him when he returned; but all his plantation tools and household furniture, his stock, He was cattle, and horses, were gone. penniless, and over fifty years old; but he had a willing heart, and a cheerful spirit. He had lived through too many dark days to sit down and repine. So he went to work in his simple but heroic way, and began life anew. In 1784 he was appointed commandant of Fort Johnson, with an annual salary of five hundred pounds. This sum, beggarly as it was, was soon reduced to five hundred dollars per annum. Shortly after this truly republican reduction of his salary, he married, and was placed in easier circumstances. We know nothing of the lady of his love, except that she was a Miss Mary Videau, and came of the old Huguenot stock. She seems to have fallen in love with Marion, for the dangers he had passed through; and being too much a woman to conceal her sentiments, they became known to some of his friends, who told him of his good fortune. He proposed, and was accepted, and so the matter ends for us. They had no children. We hear nothing further of the old hero, except that he was in the habit of spending his summers among the mountains, and taking with him, on two mules, when he set out on the journey, his old military furniture, his marquee, camp bed, and cooking utensils. What warlike dreams he must have had on his old camp bed! He died at his plantation in St. John's, on the 27th of February, 1795. "I thank God," said he in his last moments, “that I can lay my hand on my heart, and say that since I came to man's estate I have never intentionally done wrong to any." COPIES FROM MODERN PAINTINGS. NE of those little rascals whose spright ONE of liness mocks the woe-begone ruffianism or thoughtless gayety of the elder musicians (mechanical votaries of Apollo) who in such numbers wake the echoes of London streets with their harmonies, is here presented to us. Their beautiful countenances form the most powerful of appeals to the tender feelings of British women, who, heedless of political economy, delight themselves in giving liberal largess to the charming urchins. The sheepskin capote he wears has probably been brought out of some far recess in the Abruzzi Mountains: for it is a curious fact that almost all those children who visit England without a regular call- | brimmed hat is part of the children's vanity ing or stock-in-trade-as working a handorgan, or possessing a dozen of white mice -come, it is said, from the southern parts of Italy; their stock-in-trade is, in fact, the great gift of nature, beauty; one which serves them well as long as it endures. They seem to inherit this beauty as they inherit the sheepskin; and that often passes from one member of the family to another, we might almost say from generation to generation. The child's chubby little hands and espiègle face will interest the admirer of such natural charms. The broad-spread feather in his high-peaked and large of his age. The rest of his dress is in keeping with the rough and wholesome poverty in which he has been trained; a poverty so wholesome that one cannot but regret that children such as this should be brought to London, exposed to all the vices and risk of degradation which must inevitably befall them in such a capital. Scores of them lead lives there, the wretchedness of which can only be imagined; many die; and of the few who return home, the number that amass any trifle beyond what is barely sufficient to carry them to their own country, is extremely small. REFORM OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS. A THE ROUGH HOUSE" AT HORN. it. What shall be done with these little vagrants? We cannot suffer them to grow up into hardened criminals. The MONG the social problems which burden of crime is already almost too have tasked the intellects of the phi-heavy to be borne, and each day increases lanthropists of our age, none, perhaps, is We cannot spare so many of the next of higher importance, or more difficult of generation for the hangman or the prison; satisfactory solution, than that which con- they are wanted for honest employment, cerns the future of the vagabond children for the promotion, not the destruction of of our large cities. It cannot have es- the interests of society, for the benefit, caped the attention of any intelligent citi- not the injury of the state. zen, that the fearful crimes the details of which fill the columns of our public prints, are not, for the most part, committed by villains of adult age, hardened by long experience in crime, but by boys from fourteen to twenty years of age, whose early depravity has no parallel in any former period. To the dweller in great cities, the sources from whence this horde of juvenile desperadoes are drawn, are painfully evident there are orphan children, left in infancy to the scant charities of a cold and cruel world, and who, by dint of begging and theft, have managed to wring from that world the pittance which has sufficed for their existence; there are the children of the honest and virtuous poor, many of whom, from the very poverty of their parents, have been compelled to undertake employments which have brought them in constant contact with the vicious and depraved; there are, too, the children of the vile and degraded, children whose birth and training have been in dens of vice, where it would seem that no trace of humanity was left; children instructed from infancy in every art of the beggar, the thief, and the harlot, till, though children in years, they are adepts in crime. You may see them at any hour of the day, in any of the great cities of Europe or America, clad in rags, with keen, knowing, old-looking faces, faces which show no trace of the innocence, freshness, and joyousness of childhood, but which speak of scores of years of misery condensed into the days of a brief life. The eye, that expressive feature of the guileless child, is hard, cold, and glittering; the features are pinched with hunger and want, and there is often a firm closing of the mouth, and a look of desperation, which foretell, more strongly than language can utter it, that that child will soon become dangerous to the community. We must seek their reformation; for vice is cumulative, and these abandoned children, if left unrestrained, will not only themselves become criminals, but they will influence a still greater number of still younger children to a life of crime. What, then, shall be done for them? Prison schools, reform schools, houses of refuge, asylums for juvenile offenders have all been tried, and each has met with a measure of success. All, or nearly all of these have, nevertheless, one objectionable feature. The child comes to them as a criminal, sent usually by the court, and his stay there is to some extent a punishment. High fences, strong walls, a cell dignified with the name of bed-room, into which he is locked at night, the employment of guards and sentries to prevent escapes, as practiced in some of these institutions, all savor too much of prison discipline not to be irksome to a child whose previous life has been entirely free from restraint. He may be reformed under this process; we are happy to know that some are; but the chances are greatly against it, and if not improved by his compulsory training he will inevitably be made worse. This social problem has pressed quite as heavily on the benevolent in Europe as upon our own philanthropists. Crime is there more a matter of science than here, and the class of depraved children is proportionally larger. The gamins of Paris have always been foremost in the riots and revolutions of that city; the vicious children of London are more troublesome to its efficient police force than all the other criminals; and the same may be said of most of the other capitals of Europe. In none of these, however, is there a more formidable class of youthful evil-doers than in Hamburg, mainly, perhaps, because of its immense commerce, the result of its free trade, which has gathered there the vicious, as well as the enterprising of all countries. With a population of about one hundred and sixty thousand these depraved children number some thousands. In the year 1808 John Henry Wichern was born at Hamburg, of respectable parentage. He was educated at the best schools of Hamburg, and subsequently at Göttingen and Berlin, where he also studied theology. Returning to his native city in 1830 his sympathies were excited for the vicious children who swarmed in its narrow and filthy streets. He at tempted to gather them into Sunday schools, and to instruct them; but he speedily became satisfied that they must be withdrawn from the evil influences which surrounded them before they could be materially benefited. ever, till the first of November ensuing that the school was opened. At that time Mr. Wichern removed thither with his mother and sister, and adopted, as his own children, three of the worst boys he could find in Hamburg. In three months he had increased the number to twelve. The grounds, when first purchased, were surrounded by a wall and high fence; this Mr. Wichem encouraged his boys to remove, and plant a hedge in its place. He desired that there should be no barrier but their affection for their new home to detain them with him. The ensuing year the applications for admission were so numerous, and the desire on his part so strong to rescue as many as possible of these abandoned children, that he determined to erect another building, and thus receive two families. With but little assistance from abroad the work was commenced and carried on to its completion, the greater part of the labor being cheerfully performed by his family of boys. The house was dedicated in July, 1834, and named the Swiss House, from the fact that two young men from Switzerland, Baumgartner and Byckmeyer, had connected themselves with the institution while the edifice was erecting, and after its completion took charge of the first family, while Mr. Wichern himself adopted a second. In a year or two their place was again too strait for them, and they have been compelled to add building after building till they have now nine families, three of them for vagrant girls, all under Dr. Wichern's* direction. To accomplish this was a matter of considerable difficulty. His own patrimony was insufficient for such an undertaking; the city was indisposed to assist, and the friends of the enterprise were few and mostly poor; yet in October, 1832, they met, and, under the influence of the philanthropic spirit developed by the appeals of Wichern, resolved" that a house must be founded for the object of rescuing these children from sin and disbelief." Their subsequent success in obtaining the necessary means for accomplishing that which they had resolved reminds us of the formation of the Orphan House, at Halle, by Franke, a hundred and thirty-five years before. None of Mr. Wichern's associates possessed the means necessary for commencing such an institution, but, confident of the necessity of it, they resolved to do what they could, and as the means were The farm connected with the “ Rough needed they were provided. A man who House" comprises about thirty-two acres, was but slightly known to Wichem brought and includes two ponds of considerable him three hundred dollars, with the re- size. Every part of the ground is laid quest that it might be applied to aid in the out with admirable taste, and the whole founding of some new charity; a citizen forms one of the finest landscape gardens of Hamburg, Herr A. W. Gehren, left a in the vicinity of Hamburg. Owing to bequest of seventeen thousand five hun- the space occupied by the buildings and dred dollars for a house of rescue; others the ponds, the grounds, though cultivated contributed smaller sums, and in 1833, altogether with the spade, do not furnish after much anxiety and deliberation, they sufficient employment for the boys. It first hired, and subsequently purchased the was deemed necessary, therefore, early in thatched cottage known as the " Rough the history of the institution, to provide House," and the little farm connected with workshops, where they might be trained it at Horn, between three and four miles in some mechanic art. The variety of from the city of Hamburg. On the twelfth | occupations now carried on in this busy of September, 1833, they called a meeting hive is very considerable. There is a of their friends, and dedicated their new home to the rescue of the vagrant from the dominion of vice. It was not, how Mr. Wichern received the title of Ph.D., (Doctor of Philosophy,) in 1851. printing - office, in which the Fliegende Blätter, (Flying Leaves,) the periodical devoted to the cause of juvenile reformation and the other interests of the inner mission, is printed, as well as a large number of school and reform publications; a book-bindery, a stereotype foundery, a wood engraving and lithographic establishment, a book-store, a factory for silkweaving, joiner's shop, shoe-shops, etc. Some of the boys are also instructed in masonry, and most of the buildings on the premises have been erected by their labor. The course of instruction is not extensive. The boys are taught to read and write; they are well grounded in the elementary rules of arithmetic, and in the rudiments of geography, natural philosophy, chemistry, and botany. They have also instruction in agriculture, if they prefer that pursuit, or in mechanics, if they prefer a trade. Religious truths are taught both by precept and example. It is not the object of the director to qualify them for stations beyond their walk in life; they are peasants, and the children of peasants, and although there are occasional instances of the development of rare and brilliant talents among them, the general plan is to qualify them for performing well the duties of the station to which they belong, and to inculcate the honorable character of honest labor and virtuous poverty. Much attention is paid to the physical training of the children. The extreme poverty and degradation in which they have previously existed, is often manifested by the presence of scrofula and eruptive diseases, craving for improper and unwholesome food, morbid and gluttonous appetite, etc. When admitted many of them would eat mortar, clay, and even still more inappropriate articles, and seemed to have no appetite for wholesome viands; but by bathing, active exercise in the open air, plain but substantial diet, and regular habits, they soon lost this morbid craving, and have generally enjoyed good health. It is wonderful how soon the influence of love and kindness, and the home feeling, so sedulously cultivated, wins these hardened and depraved boys from their waywardness. They often come with a defiant temper, and a determination to be mischievous and troublesome; but they soon find that there is no one to contend with; that all around them are their friends, anxious to help them, and ready to love them; the past of their lives is unknown, or never referred to; and the boy who comes to the Rough House with the most malicious disposition, soon finds himself subdued by the allconquering power of love. Most of them, before coming to the institution, have been addicted to theft and falsehood; but when they find themselves trusted and reliance placed upon their statements, the feeling of honor begins to influence them, and theft and falsehood are very rare occurrences. Occasionally a boy runs away; he is usually followed and persuaded, not forced, to return; his offense is forgiven if, as is always the case, his comrades request it, but he becomes convinced that his misconduct grieves those who are really his best friends. Numerous examples might be given of the excellent results which have followed this mode of training; we will relate one or two. In the second or third year after the founding of the institution, a number of the boys had planned the erection of a hut for their own use, and had partially completed it; when one of them discovered that a stick of timber used in it had been taken without leave by the boy who had contributed it. Immediately upon this discovery the others demolished the building, in the presence of the offender, and would take no further part in its reconstruction. On another occasion, when, owing to the admission of a large number of boys about the same time, there had been an unusual amount of prevarication, the director gave notice that the daily morning service would be suspended, until there was evidence of penitence on the part of the offenders. The effect of this measure was more powerful than he had anticipated. The pupils who had been longest in the institution gathered in secluded spots for private worship, and did not cease their affectionate entreaties till the offenders were brought to acknowledge their faults, and to ask for the restoration of the privileges so highly valued by all. In 1842 the city of Hamburg was visited by a terrible conflagration, by which nearly a fourth of the city was destroyed, and more than thirty thousand people rendered homeless. A number of the children had friends in the burning district, and they |