A Textbook of Engineering Physics

accelerated amplitude angle applied atoms axis beam called carriers charge coherence component conduction band constant crystal density dielectric diffraction diode dipole direction displacement distance electric field electromagnetic emission emitted energy band energy levels equation Explain Fermi level film force free electrons frequency fringes given heat Hence holes hologram incident intensity interference intrinsic semiconductor ions junction laser lattice light waves magnetic field mass material maximum medium metal molecules momentum motion moving n-type n-type semiconductor neutrons nuclear nucleus optical fibre orbit oscillations p-n junction particle path difference perpendicular phase photon plane plate polarized light population inversion position potential produced propagation pulse quantum number radiation radius rays reflected refractive index region semiconductor shown in Fig slit Solution space surface temperature thermal transmitted ultrasonic unit cell Univ valence band vector velocity vibrations voltage wave plate wavelength X-rays zero