with the philosophes, he declared open war against their principles, by the republication, under the title of L'Appel au bon Sens, of a pamphlet which he had previously (1769) published at Rome, entitled Le Tocsin des Philosophes. This excited the ire of Voltaire, who, in a letter to M. de Chastellux (7th Dec. 1772), acknowledging receipt of a copy of the treatise La Félicité publique, by the latter, in which Dutens was spoken of in commendatory terms, attacked him violently as "Un demi savant, très méchant homme, nommé Dutens, refugié à présent en Angleterre, qui imprima, il y a cinq ans, un sot libelle atroce contre tous les philosophes, intitulé Le Tocsin. Le polisson prétend que les anciens avoient connu l'usage de la boussole, la gravitation, la route des comètes, l'aberration des étoiles, la machine pneumatique, la chimie, &c."

This was not, however, the only occasion on which Voltaire, forgetful of the Leibnitz, and his complimentary letters to its editor and donor, had manifested his wrath against M. Dutens. In the Dictionnaire Philosophique (art. "Système") he went out of his way to attack him:

"Un des plus grands détracteurs de nos dernier siècles a été un nommé Dutens. Il a fini par faire un libelle aussi infâme qu'insipide, contre les philosophes de nos jours. Ce libelle est intitulé Le Tocsin; mais il a beau sonner sa cloche, personne n'est venu à son secours, et il n'a fait que grossir le nombre des Zoiles, qui, ne pouvant rien produire, ont répandu leur venin sur ceux qui ont immortalisé leur patrie, et servi le genre humain par leurs productions."

Dutens was also attacked by Condorcet and others. Upon the publication of the edition of Voltaire edited by the latter and Beaumarchais, Dutens thought it due to himself, as an antidote to the subsequent injuries, to transmit the two earlier letters he had received from Voltaire; but the prejudice and injustice of the learned editors prevented their insertion.

Dutens was also the author of the following works:

"Traité des Pierres précieuses, et des Pierres fines," Londres, 8vo. : Paris, 16mo.

Explication de quelques Médailles grecques et phéniciennes, avec un Alphabet phénicien, et une Paléographie numismatique." Londres et Paris, 1776. "Euvres mêlées, contenant: l'Appel au bon Sens; la Logique; Lettres sur un Automate qui joue aux Echecs, &c." Génève et Paris.

"Itinéraire des Routes les plus fréquentées de l'Europe, &c." Paris.

“ ΛΟΓΓΟΥ ΠΟΙΜΕΝΙΚΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΛΑΦΝΙΝ ΚΑΙ XAOHN, BIB. E. recensuit Ludovicus Dutens." Paris, 1776, 12mo.

"Manuel d'Epictète, avec un Préface." Paris, 1776,

24mo.

"De l'Eglise, du Pape, de quelques points de Controverse; et des Moyens de Réunion entre toutes les Églises chrétiennes." Génève, 1781.

"L'Ami des Etrangers qui voyagent en Angleterre. Londres, 1787, 8vo.

Mémoires d'un Voyageur qui se repose, &c. " 5 vols. 12mo, 1806.

The fifth volume of this last-mentioned work is entitled Dutensiana, and is quite distinct from the other four. Although tolerably well acquainted with the Ana, I must confess that in variety of amusing and instructive anecdote I do not know any volume in this class of literature that much excels it. In the preface, Dutens acknowledges the authorship of the Correspondence interceptée, published anonymously, some of the contents of which are incorporated in the Mémoires d'un Voyageur. The edition in two volumes 8vo. of the latter work, to which W. alludes, was committed to the flames by the author, as containing remarks and strictures upon living characters, which he was led to think might give offence, and would be better suppressed. WILLIAM BATES. Birmingham.

EARLY CAST-IRON GRAVE SLABS.

(Vol. vi., p. 291.)

In the first part of Christian Monuments in England and Wales, by the Rev. Charles Boutell, M.A., 1849, a work which I regret to say remains unfinished, there is a representation of a remarkable slab of this description, concerning which I shall quote the author's own words:

"In the nave of the church at Burwash in Sussex, there lies a monumental slab of very singular character, apparently of the latter end of the fourteenth century. The material of which this memorial is constructed is cast iron. It is a large slab, or rather plate, measuring in length five feet five inches and a half, by eighteen inches and three quarters at the head, and eighteen inches and a quarter at the foot; and it bears in relief a small cross with a legend at its base, in these words: " ORATE. P(RO). ANNEMA. JHONE. COLINS.' So far as I am aware, this is the only monument of this kind known to be in existence."

In a foot-note:

The

"It appears that a family named Collins carried on the iron trade in a parish adjoining Burwash, in the sixteenth century; and their predecessors were probably iron masters, and had some connexion with Burwash itself, at the date of the monument. Rev. C. R. Manning, in his List of Brasses, mentions an iron monumental plate at Crowhurst in Surry, the date of which is A.D. 1591. Upon this plate there is a representation of a shrouded figure."

I may add, that in the churchyard at Broseley, Salop, there are cast-iron slabs: but these are of modern date. W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.

Temple.

permitted to say that his proposition does not at all satisfy me. C.

TUMBLE-DOWN DICK.

(Vol. vi., p. 391.)

When old London Bridge was standing, there was, very near to the southern extremity, and on the western side of the street, a tavern displaying this sign. Perhaps an inquiry into the history of that house may give L. B. some information. I never heard that it had any reference to the Restoration. The sign merely represented a man falling intoxicated from his chair. It is to be observed that the lines quoted from Butler, though by no means respectful to Richard Cromwell, do not connect the epithet "Tumble-down" with his F. S. Q.

name.

Your correspondent L. B. asks if any other signs called "Tumble-down Dick" are known. I am familiar with one in Norfolk, at Woodton, on the high road between Norwich and Bungay, about five miles from the latter place, and I have heard it spoken of as a memorial of the overthrow of Richard Cromwell. A few years ago the sign was repainted; but with the old design, a very redwaistcoated John Bull, bottle and glass in hand, toppling off his chair, in a fashion indicative of as gross a violation of the law of gravitation, as the act was intended to express respecting the rules of sobriety. In this region, where Puritanism and Nonconformity were deeply rooted, the antagonist spirit was correspondingly strong. The celebration of the 29th of May, in a very High Church manner, has not been discontinued above a single generation; and the children still observe it, by bumping," with right rustic good-will, their companions who are unadorned with oak-leaves, with the same gusto and ignorance that the 5th of November was kept withal, till the recent movement of Pius IX. revived the ancient spirit. I once saw the children attending an Independent Sunday School, keeping the day in this fashion; and on inquiring, discovered that they had the custom from their elders, but what they were celebrating they did not at all know; nor did a boy from the Church School, who was joining in the sport. This illustrates the existence of the temper which would set up a "Tumble-down Dick" over a tippling house, and would retain the sign thus "thro' age after age revolving."

66

B. B. WOODWARD.

DARIDIANUS. -INSCRIPTION AT BAVENNO.

(Vol. vi., p. 359.)

I am afraid your correspondent A. B. R. is putting himself and others to useless trouble in

inquiring for " an explanation of the word Daridianus," as well as in seeking for "any note of the erection of a church, which would certainly seem to date from the first century." The inscription observed by A. B. R. in the Church of Bavenno says nothing about that or any other church; it merely informs us that Trophimus Daridianus, a slave of the Emperor Claudius's, dedicated the inscription to Memoria and Tarpeia.

As to Daridianus, I suspect it to be a mason's blunder for Dardanianus, a name which is regularly formed from Dardanius, though I am not aware that it is to be found in books.

In the latter part of the inscription a proper name seems to have been obliterated by time after Memoria, and perhaps, if this Note comes to the knowledge of A. B. R., he may tell us something of the state of preservation in which he found the inscription: but, whether it be perfect or not, he may rest assured (unless he can produce further evidence) that Trophimus had no more to do with founding the church at Bavenno than M. Ulpius Cerdo, Lucretius Lucretianus, and others, who set up ancient inscriptions now preserved in the British Museum, had to do with erecting that great national building.

L.

P.S.-I subjoin two inscriptions, which I copied some years ago at the British Museum; the first on account of its form; the second, to show that blunders are not uncommon in ancient inscriptions:

explain case by skin or exterior. The latter notes, "The skin of a fox, or of a rabbit, is called its case." The expression, to say the least, is incorrect and forced; but in MR. Foss's copy, we are at once led to the true and obvious rendering, for the text stands thus:

"Du. O thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be,

When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy cafe?" Proving, beyond doubt, that the word in question should be face; but by transposition of the letters became cafe, and was then altered into case. May not this easy confusion of s and f throw light upon some other passages, hitherto unsuspected? F. MADDEN.

I send you an account of a first folio which is in my possession. It is unfortunately an imperfect copy, and I should be exceedingly obliged to if you you could put me in the way of perfecting it. I am afraid separate leaves of the first folio are difficult to meet with; but should you know where any are to be found, perhaps you would inform me. I presume it would be impossible to procure the title with portrait. I must content myself with a fac-simile.

(Vol. vi., pp. 421. 442.)

To copy Collodion Negatives on Collodion positively. Paste two strips of letter paper on the collodioned side of the negative proof; superimpose this on a prepared glass plate, and expose it to the influence of light, either natural or artificial, during half a second or a second, and develope in the usual manner. If required only for magiclanthorn slides, it is advisable to substitute for the hypo. a solution of common salt, 1 drachm to the ounce of water; this leaves the transparent portions opalescent, and produces a better effect than ground glass.

J. B. HOCKIN.

French Collodion. - Seeing in your Notices to Correspondents last week a reference to the new French collodion, and having tried two bottles from different vendors, I venture to assure your inquirer that it possesses no advantages whatever over the ordinary English-made collodion. It is

dearer in price, and certainly not more sensitive than that produced according to the form given in your former Number of "N. & Q." (vide p. 277.) I may here observe that I find the sensitive qualities of the collodion may, to a great extent, be tested without the use of the camera, by looking through the film of collodion on the glass, after immersion in the nitrate of silver bath, when, if good, it will be found to be of a bright orange colour, although, looking upon the surface and not opal-like, semi-opaque tint. through it, the appearance should be a bluish, If the collodion is

over iodized, it is more opaque, and is apt to flak off in small films in the bath, leaving uneven sur faces, and consequent destruction to the picture. The sensitiveness is not increased by carrying the H. W. D. iodization beyond a certain point.

Mr. Crookes' Wax-Paper Process.-There is a

slight typographical error in the description of my wax-paper process, page 443., line 7 from bottom, where, "with the addition of as much free iodide as will give it a sherry colour," should be, "with the addition of as much free iodine as will give it a sherry colour."

I should feel obliged by your causing this to be corrected, as it is one of the most important points in the whole process, but, as now worded, might lead those who are devoting much valuable time to this pleasing and important study astray.

WILLIAM CROOKES.

Ross' Lenses. We have received from H. W., a gentleman whose acquirements entitle him to speak with authority on a point of science, a letter, praising in the highest terms the lenses made for photographic purposes by Ross of Featherstone Buildings, Holborn; and no doubt most deservedly. We do not insert the letter for three reasons: 1. Because it would have an appearance which the writer never intended, namely, to puff a man of science; 2. Because it contains no new facts; and 3. Because we fear the closing paragraph would tend to discourage the practice of an art which we agree with H. W. in considering "one of the most delightful occupations it is possible to conceive, for an artist or a man of leisure."

Replies to Minor Queries.

Coins placed in Foundations (Vol. vi., p. 270.).— The following passage shows this practice to have prevailed as early as 1658, though it may probably be traced to an earlier date:

"But the ancient custome of placing coyns in considerable urns, and the present practice of burying medals in the noble foundations of Europe, are laudable ways of historical discoveries in actions, persons, chronologies; and posterity will applaud them." Browne's Hydriotaphia, ch. iv.

ANON.

Lady Day in Harvest (Vol. vi., p.399. &c.). The following extracts from Wilkins's Concilia may, perhaps, be of some use to MR. EDWARDS in determining the day meant by this phrase. In vol. iii. p. 823. he will find "A copy of the act made for the abrogation of certain holydays, according to the transumpt lately sent by the king's highness to all bishops," &c., A.D. 1536, which received the assent of Convocation, and in which it is said:

"Also that all those feests or day holydays which shall happen to occurre eyther in the harvest time, which is to be compted from the fyrst day of July unto the 29 day of Septembre, or elles in the terme time at Westmynster, shall not be kepte or observed from henceforth as holydayes, but that it may be lawful for every man to go to his work or occupacyon upon the same as upon any other workyeday, excepte alwayes the feests of the apostles, of our blessed Lady, and of saynt George," &c.

Also at page 827. there is an "ordinatio in synodo provinciali, die 19 Julii, anni 1536, edita," wherein it is said,

--

"Item, quod a festo nativitatis S. Johan. Bapt. usque festum S. Michaelis archangeli nulli dies sanctorum in posterum celebrabuntur pro festivis aut feriatis, nisi dies apostolorum, Assumptionis, et Nativitatis B. Mariæ."

In these passages we have the legal definition of harvest time, viz. from July 1st (the octave of St. John the Baptist) to September 29th (St. Michael's Day), and also two Lady Days, mentioned within that period. The question, therefore, is reduced to the selection of one of these two.

F. A.

Quotations in Locke wanted (Vol. vi., p. 386.).— Probably the last of these quotations, supposed to be taken from Tertullian, is this, which is thus quoted by Wilberforce in his Doctrine of the Incarnation, ch. v. p. 114. 3rd edition:

"Crucifixus est Dei filius: non pudet, quia pudendum est; et mortuus est Dei filius: prorsus credibile est, quia ineptum est: et sepultus resurrexit: certum est, quia impossibile est.". Tertull. de Carne Christi, sec. v.

F.A.

Singing Bread (Vol. vi., p. 389.).— Amongst the effects belonging to Sir John Fastolfe, one of the heroes of Agincourt (of which an inventory is given in the Archeologia, vol. xxi. p. 238.), will be found in the chapel, "One box for syngyng brede weyng 4 oz." To this item the following note is attached by the late Mr. Amyot:

"Pain à chanter,' i. e. the host or unleavened bread, consecrated by the priest singing. In Caxton's Doctrinal of Sapyence, there is a direction to the priest, ⚫ that if in the host be any form of flesh, or other form than bread, he might not to use that host, but ought to

sing again.' In Queen Elizabeth's injunctions it is ordered that the sacramental bread shall be of the same fineness and fashion, though somewhat bigger in compass and thickness, as the usual bread and water heretofore named singing-cakes, which served for the use of the private mass.' It was made into small - Page 239.

round cakes, impressed with the cross."

Davies, in his Monuments, &c. of the Church of Durham, 1593, speaks of an almery near one of the nine altars in that cathedral,

"Wherein singing-bread and wine were usually placed, at which the Sacristan caused his servant or scholar daily thereat to deliver singing-bread and wine to those who assisted in the celebration of mass."

In Strype's Life of Archbishop Parker is given a certificate from the Cathedral of Canterbury concerning the conformity to the rites and ceremonies of the church, in which it is stated (inter alia):

"For the ministering of the Communion we use bread appointed by the Queen's Injunctions.” A marginal note, referring to the word "bread," repeats what has been quoted, viz. that it was to resemble the singing-cakes formerly used in priJ. H.M.

vate masses.

Profane Swearing by the English (Vol. iv., p. 37.; Vol. vi., p. 299.).-Long before "the mass went down," our countrymen appear to have been as much addicted to this profane swearing as in times of a more recent date. Of this the trial of Joan of Arc (ann. 1429) affords us a distinct proof. One of the witnesses, Colette, being asked who "Godon" was, made answer that the term was a nickname generally applied to the English on account of their continual use of the exclamation “G―d d―n it,” and not the designation of any particular individual. I derive this fact from Sharon Turner's Hist. Middle Ages, 8vo. edit. vol. ii. p. 555. W. B. M.