Lane oratorios, and in the Drury Lane orches-uted to the "Edinburgh Review." D. M. tra, under Thomas Cooke. In 1825 he went Moir published a posthumous selection from on the stage. His voice, which he had culti- his writings under the title of "Weeds and vated, was a rich baritone, but he utterly failed Wild Flowers," with a biographical notice. from timidity as Casper in Der Freischütz, at BALFOUR, Sir James, a Scottish jurist and the Norwich theatre. Immediately afterward politician, born in Fifeshire early in the 16th Count Mazzara, who fancied that he resembled century, died about 1583. He was educated a son whom his wife had lost, took young Balfe for the Roman Catholic church, but joined the with him to Rome, where the countess received Protestants, took part in the conspiracy against him very tenderly. Here he remained for a Cardinal Beaton, was made prisoner at the year, studying under the best masters. After surrender of the castle of St. Andrews, and this, still through the bounty of Count Mazzara, with Knox, who called him the blasphemous he had similar advantages at Milan, where his Balfour, was imprisoned in the French galleys. first production of any pretension, a ballet called He escaped in 1550, again changed his religion, La Peyrouse, was performed with great success. attached himself to Bothwell's fortunes, was Passing on to Paris, where Rossini held out made privy councillor, and received many hopes of an engagement at the Italian opera, other appointments, including the governorhe applied himself to study for several months, ship of Edinburgh castle. He was present at and at last appeared as Figaro in the "Barber the murder of Rizzio, and accused of comof Seville," with Sontag as Rosina. His career plicity in the death of Darnley. He gave up to as a dramatic singer was triumphant, in Italy the confederate lords the celebrated letters inas well as in France, after this. He sang in trusted to him for safe keeping by Bothwell, New York in 1834, and in 1835 returned to on which it was attempted to establish Mary's London, accompanied by his wife, who had guilt. Murray afterward made him president been Mlle. Lina Rézer, prima donna of the of the court of session, and Morton employed troupe in Sicily. He sang at the ancient and him with Skene in compiling the revision of philharmonic concerts in London, and appeared the Scottish statutes, known as "The Prackat Drury Lane in his "Siege of Rochelle," "The ticks." One of his last acts was compassing Jewess," and Chiara de Rosenberg. The "Maid Morton's death by furnishing the deed signed by of Artois," written for Mme. Malibran, and in him at the time of the assassination of Darnley. which she won one of her greatest triumphs, came next. A variety of operas, among which "Falstaff" deserves particular mention, followed, and most of them were popular. In 1839 Mr. Balfe became manager of the English opera house, but did not succeed. His "Bohemian Girl," the most popular and one of the best of all his works, filled the treasury at Drury Lane, and is still a favorite in England and the United States. Toward the close of Mr. Balfe's life it was successfully produced in Paris under the composer's direction. "The Daughter of St. Mark," "The Enchantress," "The Bondman," "The Rose of Castile," "The Puritan's Daughter," "Satanella" (1858), and other operas were subsequently produced, and many of them were represented with great success in Germany.-In the spring of 1857 his daughter, Miss VICTORIA BALFE, appeared on the stage in London as a vocalist. În 1860 she married Sir John Crampton, from whom she was divorced in 1863; and in 1864 she married the Spanish duke de Frias. She died in Madrid, Jan. 21, 1871. BALFOUR, Alexander, a Scottish author, born in the parish of Monikee, Forfarshire, March 1, 1767, died Sept. 18, 1829. He was apprenticed to a weaver, failed in business in London (1815), and eventually became a clerk of the Messrs. Blackwood in Edinburgh. Mr. Canning obtained for him a grant of £100 from the national treasury. He wrote "6. "Campbell, or the Scottish Probationer" (1819); "The Foundling of Glenthorn, or the Smuggler's Cave" (1823); and "Highland Mary." He edited the poems of his friend Richard Gall, and contrib BALFOUR, Walter, an American clergyman, born in the parish of St. Ninians, Stirlingshire, Scotland, about 1776, died in Charlestown, Mass., Jan. 3, 1852. He was educated for the ministry of the church of Scotland, and after preaching a few years emigrated to America. He was still in the faith of the Scottish kirk, but at the age of 30 became a Baptist. A few years later some circumstances, among which he always reckoned the letters of Prof. Stuart of Andover to the Rev. W. E. Channing, written in 1819, led him to think of the doctrines of Universalism, and finally to embrace them. In 1823 he avowed his opinions, and was from that time a laborious writer and preacher in support of the doctrines he then espoused. BALFRUSH, or Balfurush, a town of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan, situated on the river Bahbul, here crossed by a bridge of 9 arches, about 12 m. from the southern shore of the Caspian sea, and about 100 m. N. E. of Teheran; pop. about 60,000. It is situated in a swampy but fertile country, in the midst of tall trees. It formerly had an extensive trade with Russia, and many fine bazaars and colleges, but has much declined owing to the ravages of the plague and the cholera, and the unhealthy climate. BALI, or Little Java, an island of the Malay archipelago, the westernmost of the Little Sunda islands, situated between Java and Lombok, 70 m. long by 35 m. average breadth; area about 2,200 sq. m.; pop. about 600,000. The geology resembles that of Java, from which it is separated by a narrow strait. The island is traversed E. and W. by mountain ranges, which terminate in a volcanic peak over 11,000 ft. BALKAN MOUNTAINS, an extensive range high. The eruption in 1815 of another volcano, bounding the great plains of Bulgaria S. of the Gunung Batur, 7,000 ft. high, caused great lower Danube. The true Balkan, or ancient loss of life. The coast is rugged, and has few Hamus, commences on the Black sea at Cape harbors. The land is productive, and abun- Emineh or Hæmus, lat. 42° 43', and, after dantly watered. The chief products in the making a curve to the north, runs W. S. W. to south are grain and sweet potatoes, and in the the sources of the Maritza, the ancient Hebrus, north rice. The imports are opium, betel, comprising about four degrees of longitude, ivory, gold, and silver; and the exports include dividing Bulgaria from Roumelia or Thrace. hides, oil, edible birds' nests, and other articles. Here it is intersected at an acute angle by a The natives are skilful artificers in gold and range running N. W. and S. E. from Roumelia iron, and manufacture firearms. They are sup- into Servia, and called by the ancients Rhoposed to be descended from Hindoo colonists dope and Scomius, by moderns Despoto Dagh of Java, and are with those of Lombok the and Dupansha Dagh. Further west, after makonly people in the archipelago who observe ing a sharp curve toward the southern frontier Hindoo rites. The Kavi is the religious lan- of Servia, it becomes the Mount Orbelus of the gnage, and the Sunda is spoken by the masses. ancients. Between Servia and Albania it is Widows are killed by their nearest relatives, the Mons Scardus, or Kara Dagh, and thence and their bodies burned. Among the nobles crosses Albania, joining the Dinaric Alps and the practice of burning the dead also prevails approaching the Adriatic sea. The offshoots to some extent. Many of the higher classes of the Balkan both N. and S. are very numerare fond of letters, and have large collections ous, extending toward the Carpathians on one of MSS., chiefly translations from Javanese side, and the mountains of Macedonia on the and Malay. There are in the island about other. The average elevation of these moun4,000 Mohammedans and 8,000 Chinese. The tains is about 4,000 ft. The loftiest peaks rise island was divided in 1815 into nine principali- about 4,000 ft. higher. The Balkan is the natties or rajahships, the village administration be- ural northern defence of Turkey. It has a numing about the same as in Java. The prince of ber of passes, the principal of which is that of Klongkong has a theocratic supremacy over all Shumla, by which the Russians under General the islands by virtue of his reputed descent Diebitsch effected a passage in 1829. Some of from Deva Agung, the deified progenitor of the rivers which take their rise in the Balkan the Balinese. The most powerful of all the are of considerable importance. Those which principalities is Karang Assam, in the north-flow from the northern watershed are tributaeast, which is dynastically united with the neighboring island of Lombok. The Dutch in 1846 resented an alleged insult to one of their diplomatic agents by capturing the chief fortress, Baliling, and extorting a treaty, the violation of which led to a new expedition in 1847, in which they were defeated with considerable loss. Subsequent expeditions were more successful, both in checking the Bali pirates and inducing the ruling princes to make important concessions. The Dutch have a settlement at Badong on the S. coast. BALIOL. See BALLIOL. BALIZE, or Belize, a town of British Honduras, Central America, at the mouth of the river of the same name, in lat. 17° 29′ N., lon. 88° 8′ W.; pop. about 12,000, many of whom are negroes. It is built along a single street running parallel with the seashore; from this extend only a few inconsiderable side streets, almost every house in the town facing the main thoroughfare. The principal buildings are the market (an iron structure), the government savings bank, a hospital and an insane asylum, and several churches. There are also numerous schools. The trade of Balize is considerable; cochineal and mahogany are the leading articles of export. Balize was first settled by the English about 1670; and after numerous contests with the Spaniards, who claimed possession of the site, it was finally confirmed to the British by the treaty of 1783. It is the seat of the legislature of British Honduras. ries to the Danube, with the exception of a few which run into the Black sea. On the south the Maritza and its tributaries flow into the Egean sea. From the western range the Morava (Margus) and the Drina (Drinus) flow north through Servia from Mount Orbelus. On the south the Mesta or Kara Su (Nestus), Struma (Strymon), and Vardar (Axius) carry off the waters into the gulfs of Contessa and Salonica. The mountains are principally of granitic formation. Marble is abundant in the southern ranges. Gold and silver were found by the ancients. Copper, iron, and lead mines also exist. BALKASH, Balkhash, or Tengiz, a lake of S. W. Siberia, between lat. 44° and 47° N., and lon. 74° and 79° E.; length from N. E. to S. W., 250 m.; greatest breadth, 70 m.; area about 8,000 sq. m. It has no visible outlet. It is enclosed by mountains on the E. and W. On the S. and S. W. it receives the Ili, whose valley was a century ago the principal domain of the Dzungaris. They were nearly annihilated by the Chinese, who introduced various settlers for the cultivation of the soil. The lake is frozen during winter. It contains only small fish. The Russian government has attempted to navigate part of the Ili since 1852. BALKH. I. A country of central Asia, the main part of ancient Bactria, situated between lat. 35° and 37° N., and lon. 63° and 69° E., bounded N. by the Oxus, E. by Badakhshan, W. by the desert, and S. by the Hindoo Koosh and its western continuation; area, nearly | 30,000 sq. m.; pop. about 1,000,000, chiefly Uzbecks. The southern part is rocky, but has many fine valleys; the eastern is mountainous, but less barren than the western and northern parts. Its inhabitants comprise both peaceful and warlike tribes. Many are engaged in the caravan trade between Russia, China, and India; others are mechanics and agriculturists. Balkh formerly included Koondooz, Khooloom, and other districts which have now become separate governments. It formed part of Cabool, and after the fall of the Durrani dynasty came into the hands of the ruler of Bokhara. In 1850 it was conquered by Dost Mohammed, and the widow of Feis Mohammed of Balkh furnished in 1867 funds to Shere Ali for gathering a considerable army. In 1871 a treaty was concluded which fixed the upper Oxus as a boundary line between Afghanistan and Bokhara, Balkh belonging again to the former government, though in an unsettled condition and virtually ruled by Russian influence. II. A city (anc. Bactra), capital of the preceding country, in lat. 36° 48′ N., lon. 67° 18' E., on the Balkh or Dehaz river, a tributary of the Oxus, 250 m. S. E. of Bokhara and 180 m. N. W. of Cabool; pop. about 2,000. Its origin is associated with Kaimurs, the mythical founder of a Persian dynasty, and it flourished as the capital of a Greek kingdom under the successors of Alexander the Great. (See BACTRIA.) Devastated by Genghis Khan, Tamerlane, Nadir Shah, and others, and deprived of most of its former commerce since the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, it has lost its splendor, traces of which, however, linger in ruins extending over 20 m., and it is still called by the natives the mother of cities. BALL, Game of. See BASE BALL. BALL, John, an English fanatical preacher in the reign of Richard II., executed at Coventry in 1381. He was a priest who had been repeatedly excommunicated for preaching " errors and schisms, and scandals against the pope, the archbishops, bishops, and clergy;" and when Wycliffe began to preach he adopted some of that reformer's doctrines and engrafted them on his own. He joined Wat Tyler's rebellion in 1381, and at Blackheath preached to a hundred thousand of the insurgents a violent democratic sermon on the text, When Adam delved and Eve span, His sermons and letters contributed greatly to spread the insurrection. After the death of Wat he was seized with others of the leaders and either beheaded or hanged. BALL, Thomas, an American sculptor, born in Charlestown, Mass., June 3, 1819. He was originally a portrait painter in Boston, but about 1852 began to devote himself exclusively to modelling. His first production in the plastic art was a miniature bust of Jenny Lind, which was soon followed by a life-size bust of Daniel Webster, esteemed an excellent likeness. After executing a life-size statue of the same statesman he passed several years in Europe, and upon his return to Boston received a commission for an equestrian statue of Washington, which was cast in bronze by the Ames manufacturing company at Chicopee, Mass., and placed in the public garden of Boston in 1868. He revisited Europe in 1865, passing some time in Rome and Florence. His remaining works include a bust of Rufus Choate, statuettes of Webster, Lincoln, and Clay, a life-size statue of Edward Everett (in the Boston public library), a statue of Edwin Forrest in the character of Coriolanus, one of Eve, and a number of ideal busts and statues. In 1871 his statue of Gov. Andrew of Massachusetts was placed in the state house at Boston. BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon, a French writer and philosopher, born in Lyons in 1776, died in Paris, June 12, 1847. He first followed the trade of his father, who was a bookseller and a printer. In 1801 he published Du sentiment considéré dans ses rapports avec la littérature et les arts. In 1814 appeared his historical novel Antigone, and subsequently an Essai sur les institutions sociales dans leurs rapports avec les idées nouvelles, in which he sought to reconcile national tradition with the progressive law of modern society. These works made little impression upon the general public; but his L'homme sans nom (1820), a novel which bitterly denounced some old revolutionary leaders, was more successful. After this publication Ballanche, who had previously removed to Paris, devoted himself to purely speculative studies. In spite of their abstruseness, his subsequent works were eagerly sought for. In Orphée he symbolically expounded the way in which every great social evolution must be accomplished. The Prolegomènes, which serve as an introduction to Orphée, and his great work Palingénésie sociale, contain a full exposition of his prophetic and mystical theories. These theories are summed up, though not made more intelligible, in La vision d'Hébal, chef d'un clan écossais, which was his last publication. He was much respected by Chateaubriand and Mme. Récamier. BALLANTYNE. I. James, a Scottish printer, born at Kelso in 1772, died in Edinburgh, Jan. 17, 1833. He was a schoolfellow of Walter Scott at Kelso grammar school. In 1795 he began practice as a solicitor in his native town, and the next year started a weekly journal called the "Kelso Mail," to which Scott contributed. By the advice of the novelist he removed to Edinburgh, to carry on the printing business. The first volumes issued from what he called the "Border Press " were the first and second of Scott's "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," brought out in a manner greatly superior to any Scotch printing of that time. The third volume followed in 1803. From that time he printed all of Scott's works, and the Ballantyne press attained a high reputation. From BALLARD, a W. county of Kentucky, separated from Missouri by the Mississippi river, and from Illinois by the Ohio; area, 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,576, of whom 1,477 were colored. It has a moderately uneven surface, with plenty of good timber land. The soil of the southern portions of the county is quite fertile, but in the north it is poor. The chief productions in 1870 were 70,794 bushels of wheat, 577,759 of corn, 28,223 of oats, 18,198 of Irish and 17,220 of sweet potatoes, and 2,863,455 lbs. of tobacco. Capital, Blandville. 1805, when the "Lay of the Last Minstrel" | pits in England, with horses employed in them, was published, to his failure in 1826, Scott was and worked by expensive steam machinery. a secret partner with Ballantyne, not only in In all it was estimated that there were on the the printing business, but in the proprietorship | Ballarat gold fields 215 engines of 6,461 horse of the "Edinburgh Weekly Journal," which power engaged in surface mining, and 140 enBallantyne conducted with spirit and success. gines of 3,390 horse power used in quartz minBallantyne was in the secret of the authorship ing. The district around Ballarat is also well of "Waverley," and was almost the only per- suited for farming purposes. son to whose criticism and suggestions Scott paid any attention. For many years he printed "Blackwood's Magazine;" and in 1822 145,000 volumes of Scott's works were issued from Ballantyne's press. Unfortunately, Scott also became principal in a publishing house of which John Ballantyne was the ostensible head. After struggling for some years, with heavy losses, this concern was broken up, and the Ballantynes shared in Scott's misfortunes. Wilson described James Ballantyne as "the best declaimer extant," and Lockhart said he was one of the best readers he ever heard. He was considered for 25 years the best theatrical orator in Scotland. II. John, brother of the preceding, born at Kelso about 1774, died June 16, 1821. After having filled the office of clerk in a London bank for some time, he returned to his native place, where he kept a clothier's shop; but he was unfortunate in business, and in 1806 went to Edinburgh as clerk to his brother James. In 1808 he became nominal head of the publishing house of John Ballantyne and company. After the failure of this concern he became a literary auctioneer in Edinburgh. His liveliness, humor, eccentricity, and convivial habits greatly endeared him to Scott, and he was repeatedly mentioned by Wilson, in "Blackwood's Magazine," for his social qualities. He wrote an unsuccessful novel, The Widow's Lodgings," and for a short time conducted a weekly periodical called "The Sale Room," to which Scott contributed some minor poems, including the humorous piece entitled The Sultan of Serendib, or the Search after Happiness." BALLARAT, a city of Victoria, New South Wales, next to Melbourne and Sydney the largest town of Australia, situated at an elevation of 1,437 ft. above the sea, 66 m. W. N. W. of Melbourne. It is divided into Ballarat West and Ballarat East, separated by the Yarowee creek. Ballarat West was erected into a city in September, 1870; pop. in 1871, 40,651 (of whom 1,500 were Chinese), and with the surrounding district, 74,260. The town owes its rapid growth to being the centre of perhaps the richest gold-bearing district of the world. The public buildings in 1871 comprised a spacious hospital erected on high ground, an orphan asylum, a benevolent asylum, a public bath, a free public library, a theatre, eight banks, three town halls, and 56 churches. In the same year Ballarat had four daily newspapers. Gold was first discovered in Ballarat in June, 1851; in December, 1855, it was proelaimed a municipality. Some of the gold mines were in 1871 as deep as some of the coal BALLENSTEDT, a town of the duchy of Anhalt, Germany, at the foot of the Lower Hartz, on the Getel, 15 m. S. E. of Halbertstadt; pop. in 1867, 4,500. Count Esico IV. of Ballenstedt founded about the middle of the 10th century a collegiate church, which was soon afterward changed into a Benedictine convent. After 1525 a castle took the place of the convent, which had been destroyed by the peasants. In 1765 it became the residence of the dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg. BALLET (Gr. Bahλiçe, It. ballare, to dance), a dramatic representation composed of dancing and pantomime with music. Many passages in the Greek writers show that the ballet of action was in great credit among them. The Romans reached in it, under the reign of Augustus, a rare edgree of perfection. Three dancers above all, Bathyllus, Pylades, and Hyllus, accomplished wonders by their varied performances, in which artistic skill and truthfulness of pantomime were admirably blended. Pylades personified tragic subjects, while Bathyllus excelled in the representation of the comic. These entertainments continued popular down to the fall of the empire; but it was only in the later period that women appeared on the stage; and among the most favorite performers at Constantinople was Theodora, who became the wife of the emperor Justinian. The middle ages present no records of the ballet; but in 1489, on occasion of the marriage of the duke of Milan, a spectacle of the kind excited such admiration that it was introduced in several countries. France was foremost in encouraging this entertainment; in 1581 Catharine de' Medici had a great ballet performed, "Circe and her Nymphs," the expenses of which amounted to 3,600,000 livres. The popularity of the ballet all over Europe was increased in the 18th century by Noverre, whom Garrick called the Shakespeare of the dance. He elevated the character of the ballet, improving it as a whole and in its details, and propagated its principles through the principal European cities, where he was either the foun der or the reformer of the ballet; finally, he returned to France, and became chief ballet master of the royal academy of music. "A ballet perfect in all its parts," according to Noverre, "is a picture drawn from life of the manners, dresses, ceremonies, and customs of all nations; it must be therefore a complete pantomime, and through the eyes speak to the very soul of the spectator, and, being a regular representation, ought as far as possible to be under the general rules of the drama. If it does not point out, with perspicuity and without the aid of a programme, the passions and incidents it is intended to describe, it is a divertisement, a succession of dances, and nothing better." Appropriate music is also a constituent part of a good ballet. The Vestris' family shone on all the European stages during the latter part of the 18th century, and early in the 19th. Besides the ballet d'action or ballet pantomime, which is the only genuine ballet, there are divertissements, consisting of little else than steps, leaps, pirouettes, and entrechats. These are sometimes introduced in operas, as in Robert le Diable. BALLINA, a seaport town of Ireland, county Mayo, separated from county Sligo by the river Moy, 7 m. from its mouth in Killala bay, and 57 m. N. of Galway; pop. about 5,500, including the suburb of Ardnaree, on the right or Sligo side of the Moy, and 1,300 inmates of the union workhouse. Ballina is well built, in a fine situation. It contains a parish church and several Protestant chapels, and has considerable agricultural industry and important salmon fisheries. Its trade has of late years largely increased.. The town was captured by the French in 1798. BALLINASLOE, a town of Ireland, in Connaught, 34 m. E. N. E. of Galway; pop. in 1871, 3,200. The river Suck divides the town into two parts, the larger of which is in county Galway and the other in Roscommon; they are connected by bridges and causeways, over which passes the road from Athlone to Galway. It is a handsome town, and has enormous horse fairs and an active trade in grain. BALLING, Karl Joseph Napoleon, a Bohemian chemist, born April 21, 1805, died in Prague, March 17, 1868. He studied in Prague and became professor of chemistry in that city. He introduced the use of the saccharometer in breweries, distilleries, and the manufacture of beet-root sugar. His principal work is Die Gährungschemie wissenschaftlich begründet und in ihrer Anwendung auf Weinbereitung, Bierbrauerei, Branntweinbrennerei und Hefenerzeugung praktisch dargestellt (4 vols., Prague, 1845-'7; 3d and enlarged ed., 1864). BALLIOL, or Baliol. I. John, king of Scotland, born about 1259, died in Normandy in 1314. He was a descendant of the eldest daughter of the earl of Huntingdon, brother of King William the Lion, and, after the death of the princess Margaret of Norway, granddaughter and heiress of Alexander III., the nearest He heir to the throne. He was opposed by Robert Bruce and John Hastings, descendants of younger daughters of the earl of Huntingdon, and by several others. (See BRUCE.) The claims of the rivals being submitted by agreement to Edward I. of England, he decided in favor of Balliol, but on condition that he should do homage to him for the crown of Scotland. was accordingly crowned at Scone in November, 1292, and in December, with the principal nobles of his party, swore allegiance to Edward at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Shortly afterward, being called upon to aid Edward against France, he renounced his allegiance, made an alliance with France, and declared war. Utterly defeated after a short and violent struggle, he was obliged to cede the crown of Scotland to the English king in 1296, who held him and his son prisoners in London till 1299. On his release, finding himself ostracized by public opinion in Scotland, he retired to his château of Bailleul in Normandy. His father and mother were the founders of Balliol college, Oxford. II. Edward, king of Scotland, son of the preceding, died at Doncaster in 1363. The king of England invited him over from Normandy in 1324 and 1327, merely to threaten Robert Bruce. In 1332 he was called upon by the dispossessed Anglo-Norman barons to lead them into Scotland to recover their estates there. He entered the frith of Forth, landed at Kinghorn, defeated the earl of Fife, and with 3,000 men marched across the country to meet the earl of Mar encamped on the opposite side of the river Earn with a force of 30,000. A second Scottish army lay within a few miles of Balliol's flank. During the night the invading force crossed the Earn, and with slight loss achieved an astonishing victory at Dupplin Moor, above 12,000 Scots, including the earls of Mar and Moray, and hundreds of knights and barons, falling in the battle. At Perth Balliol defeated the second army, commanded by the earl of March. The disaffected flocked to Balliol's standard, and he was crowned king of Scotland at Scone, Sept. 24, only seven weeks after his landing at Kinghorn. Balliol, having privately rendered homage to Edward III., lay carelessly at Annan, where he was in turn surprised by the earl of Moray, brother of the one slain at Dupplin, and barely escaped to England, after a reign of three months. Edward III. now took up the cause of Balliol, whom the battle of Halidon Hill, July 19, 1333, again placed on the Scottish throne. Scots were so weakened by this defeat, that he might have retained his power had he not been too obsequious to the English monarch. By a treaty he gave up Berwick-upon-Tweed, and surrendered Berwickshire, Roxburghshire, Peeblesshire, Dumfriesshire, and the Lothians. The Scottish nation now became disgusted, and turned to the young king David Bruce; and after 1338 Balliol maintained only a nominal footing in Scotland, being most of the time a refugee in England. In 1355 Edward III. pur The |