cocoanuts is said to average 50,000 a day. Cigars only are manufactured. Columbus landed here, and the first settlement on the island was made here in 1512 by Diego Velazquez.

fall of the empire, though not yet 20 years old. Adhering to the restored Bourbons, he entered the royal guards, served in Spain and Algeria, became second in command at the military school of St. Cyr in 1832, and afterward principal, a position which he held till 1840. For some years thereafter he served with some dis

BARAGA, Frederick, D. D., a Roman Catholic bishop and missionary among the North American Indians, born at Treffen, Carniola, June 29, 1797, died at Sault Ste. Marie, Jan. 19, 1868. He was of a noble family, was educated at the university of Vienna, was ordained a priest in September, 1823, came to America in December, 1830, and from that time till his death was connected with the Chippewa and Ottawa missions in Michigan. He was consecrated bishop of Marquette and Sault Ste. Marie in 1853. He was the author of a Chippewa grammar and dictionary (Detroit, 1849 and 1852), of several religious works in Chippewa, and of a small work in German on the "History, Character, and Habits of the North American Indians " (1837).

BARAGUEY D'HILLIERS. I. Louis, a French general, born in Paris, Aug. 13, 1764, died in Berlin in December, 1812. At the beginning of the French revolution he was lieutenant in the regiment of Alsace, was appointed brigadier general in 1793, and chosen by Custine as the head of his staff. His fidelity to that unfortunate chief led to his imprisonment, but he was liberated after the 9th Thermidor. He served under Napoleon during his first two campaigns in Italy, and was promoted to the rank of division general. He distinguished himself at Stuttgart and Elchingen and on the frontiers of Bohemia, was governor of Friuli in 1806, of Venice in 1808, and participated in the victory of Raab won by Eugène Beauharnais over the Austrians in June, 1809. During the following two years he served in Spain. In 1812 he was put in command of a division of the grand army against Russia, and was captured with nearly all his forces by the enemy. A court of inquiry was ordered by Napoleon, at which he was so aggrieved that he fell sick and died before he reached France. II. Achille, marshal of France, son of the preceding, born Sept. 6, 1795, died June 6, 1878. He served as second lieutenant during the Russian campaign, became in 1813 aide-de-camp to Marshal Marmont, and at the battle of Leipsic had his left hand shot off. He was a captain on tho

turning to France in 1847, he was appointed inspector general of infantry. After the outbreak of the revolution of 1848, he was appointed chief of the second division of the army near the Alps. He was elected to the constituent assembly from the department of Doubs, and joined the party of reaction. In 1849 he went to Rome as commander-in-chief of the army sent to sustain the authority of the pope, and in 1851 was put in command of the army of Paris in place of Gen. Changarnier, whom Napoleon distrusted. He favored the coup d'état, and was made a member of the consultative commission. In the Crimean war he commanded the expedition to the Baltic, and on his return was made a marshal and became one of the vice presidents of the senate. He commanded the first army corps in the Italian campaign of 1859, and took a prominent part in the battle of Solferino. In 1863 he was in command of the camp at Châlons, and shortly after the outbreak of the war of 1870 was for a few days military governor of Paris.

BARANOFF, Nikolai, a deaf-mute Russian painter, born in Esthonia in 1810. He studied in Berlin at the expense of the czar, and has produced genre and historical pictures.

BARANOFF, Alexander Andreyevitch, governor of the Russian possessions in North America, born in 1746, died at sea, near the island of Java, April 28, 1819. Early in life he was engaged in commerce in western Siberia, but in 1790 established himself at Kadiak, and opened a trade with the natives. In 1796 he founded a commercial colony on Behring strait, and in 1799 took possession of the largest of the Sitka group of islands, now known by his name. He built a large factory at Sitka, and opened commercial relations with Canton, Manila, Boston, New York, California, and the Sandwich Islands, founded a colony near San Francisco, and was ennobled by the czar Alexander and made first governor of Russian America. He died while returning to Russia.

BARANTE, Amable Guillaume Prosper, baron de Brugière, a French statesman and historian, born at Riom in Auvergne, June 10, 1782, died in Auvergne in 1866. He was educated at the polytechnic school in Paris, and occupied during the empire several offices at home and missions abroad. He was prefect of Loire-Inférieure on the fall of Napoleon, kept his post under the restoration, and after the hundred days became a member of the council of state and general secretary of the home department. In 1819 he was made a peer of France, and after that most of his time was given to lit

erary pursuits. As early as 1809 he had published anonymously his Tableau de la littérature française au 18e siècle, and he was the real author of a great part of Mme. de la Rochejaquelin's Mémoires on the war in La Vendée. He published a French version of Schiller's dramas (1821), contributed to the Collection des théâtres étrangers, and furnished the "Hamlet" of Guizot's translation of Shakespeare. His Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois (3 vols. 8vo, 1824-'6), a skilful arrangement of the memoirs of old chroniclers, has been considered a model of purely narrative history, and secured his election to the French academy. After the revolution of 1830 he was appointed ambassador to Turin, and in 1835 he went as minister to St. Petersburg. After the revolution of 1848 he devoted himself wholly to literary pursuits. Among his remaining works are: Mélanges historiques et littéraires (3 vols., 1836); Questions constitutionnelles (1850); Histoire de la convention nationale (6 vols., 1851–’3); Histoire du directoire (3 vols., 1855); Études historiques et biographiques (2 vols., 1857); La vie politique de M. Royer-Collard (2 vols., 1861); and De la décentralisation en 1829 et en 1833 (1865). As a historian Barante was impartial and accurate in his statements.

BARANYA, a county of S. W. Hungary, bounded by the Danube, which there forms Margitta island, and the Drave, which separates it from Slavonia; area, about 1,965 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 283,506, of whom more than half are Magyars, and the rest chiefly Germans, Croats, and Serbs. The surface is partly hilly and partly level, and the soil almost everywhere very fertile, producing wheat, tobacco, fruits, and excellent wines. The county is also rich in cattle, sheep, and swine. There are several mineral springs. The most important towns are Fünfkirchen or Pécs, the capital, and Mohács, near which in 1526 Hungary lost her army, her king, and her independence.

BARATIER, Johann Philipp, a precocious German scholar, born at Schwabach, near Nuremberg, Jan. 19, 1721, died in Halle Oct. 5, 1740. He was the son of a Protestant pastor, who had fled from France on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Before his 5th year he had learned to read and write French, German, and Latin, and he afterward mastered, almost unaided, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic. In his 9th year he made a dictionary of difficult Hebrew and Chaldaic words, and in his 13th year published a translation from the Hebrew of the itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, to which he added notes and historical dissertations. He also published several learned theological pamphlets, and made difficult mathematical and astronomical calculations. In his 14th year he received from the university of Halle the degree of master of arts, on which occasion he defended 14 theses in the presence of more than 2,000 spectators. The royal society of sciences at Berlin made him a member,

and the king of Prussia made him an annual allowance of $50, presented him with books and mathematical instruments, and gave to his father a living at Halle. He began a history of the church, a history of the 30 years' war, and various other works.

BARATYNSKI, Yevgeni Abramovitch, a Russian poet, died in Italy in September, 1844. He was educated at St. Petersburg, served eight years as a soldier in Finland, and afterward lived in Moscow. "Eda," the first offspring of his muse, is a spirited poem, with strong local coloring and Finnish characteristics. His most agreeable production is the "Gypsy," a graceful picture of the best features of Russian high life.

BARB, a fine breed of horses cultivated by the Moors of Barbary, and first introduced by them into Spain. They are believed to have been of a kindred origin with the Arabian horse, but are less remarkable for beauty and symmetry than for speed, endurance, and docility. They are generally larger than the Arabian, and the black barbs of Dongola are said to be rarely less than 16 hands high. The wild horses of America are believed to have descended from Spanish barbs, brought over by the early explorers.

BARBADOES, or Barbados, a British island of the West Indies, the most easterly of the Caribbean group, in lat. 13° 10′ N., lon. 59° 32′ W. It is of an oval form, 22 m. long and 14 broad; area, 166 sq. m.; pop. in 1861, 152,727, being 920 to the square mile. The population of Barbadoes is denser than that of any other country in the world except Malta. In 1861 there were 16,594 white, 36,118 of mixed race, and 100,005 black. The island is divided by a deep valley into two parts. Near the centre of the northern and larger part is Mount Hillaby, 1,147 ft. high. From the W. coast the ground rises in successive terraces, broken by ravines to the central ridge, from which hills of a conical form radiate in a N. E. direction to the seashore. The N. W. and S. parts of the island consist of rocks of coralline limestone with beds of calcareous marl; the E. part is composed of strata of silicious sandstone, intermixed with ferruginous matter, clay, marl, minute fragments of pumice, strata of volcanic ashes, seams of bitumen, and springs of petroleum. There are several chalybeate springs, containing chiefly iron, carbonic acid, and fixed alkali, in different proportions. The island is encircled by coral reefs, which in some parts extend seaward for three miles, and are dangerous to navigation. Carlisle bay, the port and harbor of Barbadoes, is a spacious open roadstead, capable of containing 500 vessels; but it is exposed to S. and S. W. winds. The climate, though warm, is salubrious. The island is greatly exposed to hurricanes. One of these, in October, 1780, destroyed almost every building, and 3,000 or 4,000 lives. During another in August, 1831, the loss of life is

stated to have been from 2,000 to 5,000, and | the destruction of property £1,602,800. The principal articles of export are sugar, cotton, aloes, and arrowroot; the imports are chiefly fish, beef, flour, cutlery, and cloths. In 1850 the imports were £734,358, exports £831,534; in 1860, imports £976,300, exports £1,345,400; in 1870, imports £1,026,221, exports £935,425. There are only four towns, of which Bridgetown, the capital, has about 25,000 inhabitants. The government consists of a governor, council, and house of assembly. The governor, appointed by the crown, is also governor general (since 1871) of the neighboring islands of Grenada, St. Vincent, Tobago, and St. Lucia. The council consists of 12 members, appointed by the crown, who hold office during the royal pleasure. The assembly consists of 24 delegates, elected annually by the people.-Barbadoes was probably discovered early in the 16th century by the Portuguese. When it was first visited by the English in 1605, it was uninhabited and covered with dense forests. The first English colony, consisting of 40 whites and 7 negroes, was founded in 1625. In 1665 the Dutch made a fruitless attempt to seize the island. In 1676, 1692, 1816, and 1825, plots were formed among the negroes to take possession. In 1788 the population was 16,127 whites, 2,229 free colored, and 64,405 negroes. There appears to have been no increase in the white population for 75 years, while the colored or mixed portion has multiplied 15 fold. The abolition of slavery in 1834 was effected without disorder.

BARBARA, Saint, a virgin and martyr, honored in the Greek and Roman Catholic churches, and supposed to have suffered at Heliopolis in 306, or at Nicomedia in Bithynia in 235.

According to the Aurea Legenda, she was born at Heliopolis in Egypt, of pagan parents; and her father, fearing she should be taken from him on account of her great beauty, confined her in a tower. In her seclusion she heard of the preaching of Origen, and wrote to him begging for instruction, whereupon he sent one of his disciples, who taught and baptized her. On learning this her father put her to death, and is said to have been immediately struck by lightning; for which reason the saint has been regarded as the patron of sailors in a storm, and of artillerymen. In art she is generally represented with a tower. Her festival day is Dec. 4.

BARBARELLI, Giorgio. See GIORGIONE.

BARBAROSSA, the name given to two renegade Greek corsairs, and supposed to be a corruption of Baba-rais, father captain. I. Arudj, Horush, or Horuk, born at Mitylene (Lesbos) about 1474, executed in 1518. He acquired fame in the service of Egypt, Turkey, and Tunis, and with his brother became the terror of the Mediterranean. Invited by the emir of the Metidja, Selim Eutemi, in 1516, to aid him against the Spaniards, he made himself master of Algiers, Tenez, and Tlemcen, and murdered the emir, but was defeated by the troops of Charles V., besieged in Tlemcen, captured on his flight from that city, and put to death. II. Khair-ed-Din, brother and successor of the preceding, born about 1476, died in Constantinople in 1546. After his brother's death he obtained the assistance of the sultan Selim I. in recovering Algiers. Solyman I. putting him in command of his fleet, he fortified Algiers, and conquered Tunis and other territories for the Turks. After Charles V. retook Tunis in 1535, Barbarossa preyed upon the coast of

Italy, defeated Doria in the gulf of Ambracia, captured Castel Nuovo (1539), defeated a Christian squadron off Candia, threatened Doria at Genoa, joined Francis I. against Charles V., aided the French in taking Nice (1543), and made a triumphant entry into Constantinople with many thousand prisoners.

BARBAROSSA, Frederick. See FREDERICK I., emperor of Germany.

BARBAROUX, Charles Jean Marie, a French revolutionist, born in Marseilles, March 6, 1767, guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. He was a prominent young lawyer when in 1791 he was sent by his native city as revolutionary agent to the legislative assembly and was admitted to the Jacobin club. When it was feared that the court would succeed in arresting the revolutionary movement in the north of France, Barbaroux was vehement in supporting the plan of a separate republic in the south. He took, with his 500 countrymen, who were especially called les Marseillais, an important part in the insurrection of August 10, 1792, which led to the downfall of the monarchy. Elected a deputy to the convention, he joined the deputies of the Gironde, became by his zeal, eloquence, and rare personal beauty a conspicuous member of their party, opposed the merciless policy of Marat and Robespierre, and demanded an act of accusation against the promoters of the massacre of September. He manifested remarkable ability in the discussion of questions of finance, commerce, and the internal administration of the country; he strongly opposed several of the rash and unjust financial measures of the day, and suggested several plans for a more prudent management. At the trial of Louis XVI. he voted for the king's death, but favored an appeal to the nation. After the popular rising of May 31, 1793, which sealed the tragic fate of the Girondists, Barbaroux left Paris with some of his colleagues, and tried to raise an insurrection in the provinces against the convention; but this movement was soon suppressed, and Barbaroux, hunted from place to place, sought a refuge in the vicinity of Bordeaux. Being discovered, he shot himself twice; but though in a dying condition, he retained life enough to be sent to the scaffold by the revolutionary committee of Bordeaux.

BARBARY STATES, a general term designating that portion of northern Africa stretching from the W. frontier of Egypt to the Atlantic, and from the Mediterranean to the desert of Sahara, between lat. 25° and 37° N., lon. 10° W. and 25° E., and including Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco. The name is derived from the Berbers, the ancient inhabitants of the region, who still constitute a considerable portion of the population.

BARBASTRO, a town of Aragon, Spain, on the Cinca, in the province and 26 m. S. E. of Huesca; pop. about 6,500. It is an old town, and has a fine cathedral with good mediæval paintings, and an important school.

BARBAULD, Anna Lætitia, an English writer, born at Kibworth-Harcourt, Leicestershire, June 20, 1743, died at Stoke-Newington, near London, March 9, 1825. She displayed unusual talent as a child, and her early education was directed with care by her father, the Rev. John Aikin, a Unitarian minister. At the age of 15 she removed with him to Warrington in Lancashire, where he took charge of the academy, out of which grew the central Unitarian college, afterward transferred to York, and finally established in Manchester. In 1773, at the age of 30, she published a volume of her poems, which the same year ran through four editions. This was followed by "Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose," partly written by her brother John Aikin. In 1774 she married the Rev. Rochemont Barbauld, with whom she kept a school for the next 11 years in the village of Palgrave, Suffolk. During this period she published "Devotional Pieces, compiled from the Psalms of David," "Early Lessons for Children," and "Hymns in Prose for Children." After a short visit to the continent in 1785-'6, Mrs. Barbauld went to live at Hampstead, near London, where her husband became pastor of a small congregation, and she took charge of a few pupils. Here she wrote several pamphlets and poems on popular subjects, such as the removal of the civil disabilities of the dissenters and the abolition of the slave trade, and various contributions to her brother's "Evenings at Home." In 1802 she removed with her husband to Stoke-Newington, and there passed the rest of her life. Here she prepared "Selections from the Spectator, Guardian, Tatler, and Freeholder," with a preliminary essay. She wrote the life of Richardson, the novelist, to accompany his correspondence, edited Akenside's "Pleasures of the Imagination" and Collins's "Odes," and a collection of the "British Novelists," with memoirs and criticisms, and published "The Female Spectator," a miscellany of prose and verse. Her last separate publication, "Eighteen Hundred and Eleven" (1812), is her longest and most highly finished poem. Her works, in two volumes, were edited, with a memoir, by her niece, Miss Lucy Aikin. Her writings are distinguished for their pure moral tone, simplicity, and earnestness, and her books for children are among the best of their class.

many of the large European rivers. It has several barbs or beard-like feelers pendent from its leathery mouth, which are said to be the origin of its name. It frequents deep, still pools with eddies, in swift-flowing streams; roots in the gravel bottoms like a hog; and feeds on worms and other bottom bait. It grows to the length of 3 feet and to the weight of 18 or 20 pounds, is a determined biter, and, when hooked, a desperate puller. It is of little value as food.

BARBÉ-MARBOIS, François de, count and marquis, a French statesman, born at Metz, Jan. 31, 1745, died Jan. 14, 1837. After filling diplomatic offices at several German courts, he was sent to the new government of the United States of America as consul general of France. He organized all the French consulates in this country, and during his residence here married the daughter of William Moore, governor of Pennsylvania. In 1785 he was appointed by Louis XVI. intendant of St. Domingo, and introduced many reforms in the administration of justice and of finance. He returned to France in 1790, and, having vindicated himself from various accusations, was again employed in German diplomacy. In 1795 he was elected a member of the council of elders, but was soon charged with a variety of offences, and, though he defended himself with spirit, was in 1797 exiled to Guiana as a friend of royalty. He was recalled in 1801 and made director of the treasury, a title which he soon exchanged for that of minister of finance. In 1803 he was authorized to cede Louisiana to the United States for 50,000,000 fr., but had the skill to obtain 75,000,000 fr., a piece of diplomacy for which he was liberally rewarded by Napoleon. He was soon after made count of the empire and chief officer of the legion of honor. In 1806 a sudden decline in the funds caused by a blunder in his administration brought about his disgrace, which was however speedily ended by Napoleon, who recognized and needed his ability. In 1813 he entered the senate, and the next year voted for the deposition of the emperor and the reëstablishment of the Bourbon dynasty. He was well received by Louis XVIII., appointed a peer of France and honorary counsellor of the university, and confirmed in the office of first president of the court of accounts, which he had formerly held. Napoleon after his return from Elba ordered him to leave Paris. He resumed his offices on the return of the Bourbons. After the revolution of July he took the oath of fidelity to Louis Philippe. He wrote Réflexions sur la colonie de Saint-Domingue (1796); Complot d'Arnold et de Sir Henry Clinton contre les Etats-Unis d'Amérique et contre le Général Washington (Paris, 1816); De la Guyane (1822); Lettres de Madame la Marquise de Pompadour, with a memoir (1811); Histoire de la Louisiane et de la cession de cette colonie par la France aux États-Unis (1828); and various other works.

BARBER, Francis, the negro servant and friend of Dr. Samuel Johnson, born in Jamaica, probably about 1741, died Feb. 13, 1801. He was taken to England in 1750, and sent to a boarding school in Yorkshire. In 1752 he entered Dr. Johnson's service, in which he continued till Johnson's death, with the exception of two intervals: in one of which, upon some difference with his master, he served an apothecary in Cheapside; and in another he took a fancy to go to sea. This last escapade occurred in 1759, and through Dr. Smollett's interference with John Wilkes, one of the lords of the admiralty, procured his discharge (in June, 1760), without any wish on the part of Barber. On returning, he resumed his situation with Dr. Johnson, who sent him to school for a time. It was owing to Barber's care that the manuscript of Johnson's diary of his tour in Wales in 1774 was preserved. Dr. Johnson gave Barber in his will an annuity of £70, and after the payment of a few legacies made him residuary legatee. Barber's whole income from this bequest amounted to about £140, on which, at Johnson's recommendation, he retired to Lichfield, and passed the rest of his days in comfort.

BARBER, Francis, an officer in the American revolution, born at Princeton, N. J., in 1751, died at Newburgh, N. Y., in April, 1783. He graduated at the college of New Jersey in 1767, and in 1769 became rector of the academy at Elizabethtown, N. J. He gained a very high reputation as a teacher, and had among his pupils Alexander Hamilton. At the commencement of the war he enlisted with his two younger brothers. In February, 1776, he received a commission as major of the 3d battalion of the New Jersey troops, in November of the same year was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 3d Jersey regiment, and in 1777 was named assistant inspector general under Baron Steuben. He served with his regiment under Gen. Schuyler in the northern army, and participated in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. In the last-mentioned action he was severely wounded, and compelled to retire to his home at Elizabethtown. There he made himself useful in obtaining intelligence of the enemy's movements. In 1779 he served as adjutant general in Gen. Sullivan's campaign against the Indians, and was wounded in the battle at Newtown. He was engaged in the battle of Springfield, and in 1781, when the mutiny of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey troops broke out, he was selected by Washington to suppress the revolt. He was present at the battle of Yorktown, and at the close of the war was with the army at Newburgh. On the day that he was invited by Washington to be present at a dinner to hear the news of the peace he was killed by a falling tree.

BARBERINI, an Italian family of Tuscany, who settled in Florence in the 11th century, and acquired wealth by trade in the 16th, and