the Waal (Vahalis), the Maas (Mosa), and the ocean. The Caninefates, another tribe of the Chatti, occupied a portion of the same island in Cæsar's time. The Batavi, who were good horsemen, were employed as cavalry by the Romans in their campaigns on the lower Rhine and in Britain, and also as infantry. In A. D. 69 they rose in arms under their chief Claudius Civilis against the Romans, but though successful for a time, they were ultimately reduced to submission. (See CIVILIS.) Although included in the Roman empire, they paid no taxes, and were considered rather as allies than subjects. They served as Roman auxiliaries as late as 350.

BATAVIA, a city of Java, capital of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, in lat. 6° 10' S., Îon. 106° 50' E., on a swampy plain at the head of a deep bay of the Java sea, on the N. W.

coast of the island, upon both banks of the river Jacatra. The bay is protected by a number of islands, and forms a secure harbor. The population in 1832 was 118,300, of whom 2,800 were Europeans, 25,000 Chinese, 80,000 natives, 1,000 Moors and Arabs, and 9,500 slaves; the present number is variously stated at from 70,000 to 150,000, the discrepancy apparently arising from the different areas embraced, the wealthy inhabitants now residing beyond the limit of the fortifications, upon several broad roads running for some distance inland. The local trade and handicrafts are mostly in the hands of the Chinese; the foreign commerce in those of the Dutch, although there are also English, French, German, and American merchants. About 1,500 vessels annually enter the port, two thirds of which are Dutch. The principal

articles of export are spices, rice, coffee, sugar, indigo, tobacco, dyewoods, and gold dust. In 1867 the total value of the exports was $27,227,025; imports, $22,439,435. Batavia was originally laid out on the model of a Dutch city, with broad streets having each a canal in the centre. Under a tropical sun these almost stagnant waters, soaking into the soft soil, produced malaria, and the city came to be regarded as the graveyard of Europeans; the wealthy classes took up their residence in the suburbs which formed the new town on the heights of Weltevreden, whither the government offices were removed. Within a few years canals have been filled up and drainage introduced, so that the city is considered tolerably healthy. The thermometer ranges from 65° to 90°. The old town is mainly inhabited by natives and the poorer Chinese. The city

has a bank and a newspaper, and has recently been connected with Singapore by a telegraphic cable 600 m. long. Among the principal pablic buildings are the Lutheran church, military hospital, and exchange.-Batavia occupies the site of the former native city of Jacatra, which was seized in 1619 by the Dutch governor Jan Pieterszoon Koen, the Dutch having a few years before set up a factory here. The capital of the Dutch possessions in India was now removed from Amboyna to this place. In 1628-'9 the allied sovereigns of Bantam, Jacatra, and Mataram twice besieged the new city, with an army of 100,000 men, but were repulsed. In 1641 there was a revolt of the Chinese population, of whom 12,000 were massacred by order of the governor, Adriaan Valckenaer. In 1811 it was captured by the English, but was restored to the Dutch after the peace.

BATAVIA, a village, capital of Genesee county, N. Y., 30 m. W. S. W. of Rochester, on Tonawanda creek, the New York Central railroad, which here joins the Canandaigua, Batavia, and Tonawanda branch, the Batavia and Attica railroad, and the Buffalo division of the Erie road; pop. in 1870, 3,890. It contains churches of various denominations, 2 banks, and 3 newspaper offices. The state institution for the blind, erected here in 1869, is one of the finest public edifices of the state.

BATAVIAN REPUBLIC, the name given to Holland after its conquest by the French in 1795, and the organization of a republic, May 16, by the French faction in that country. The new republic was obliged to cede to its conquerors some of the southern portions of its territory, included in which were the cities of Maestricht and Venloo, to pay France 100,000,000 florins, and to receive French garrisons into its fortified places. The Batavian constitution was modified in 1801 and 1805, and at length the legislative body, urged by Napoleon, changed the republic into a kingdom, and offered the crown to Louis Bonaparte, who, on June 5, 1806, was proclaimed king of Holland.

BATCHIAN, or Batjan, one of the northern group of the Molucca or Spice Islands, in lat. 0° 35' S., lon. 127° 35′ E., between the islands of Gilolo and Tawali, separated from the latter by a narrow strait; area, 800 sq. m. A low isthmus, on which is the small town of Batchian, connects the N. and S. parts of the island, both of which are mountainous, while the S. portion is volcanic. There are some navigable streams, alluvial plains, and luxuriant palm forests. The clove tree grows wild. The interior of the island is uninhabited, but on the coast there are a few Portuguese, Malays, and Indians driven from neighboring islands. Gold, copper, and coal are found in the north. The Dutch extend their authority over the island, but the government is administered by a native sultan.

BATEMAN, Kate Josephine, an American actress, born in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1843. At three years of age she made her début upon the stage at Louisville, Ky., as one of the "Babes in the Wood" in a piece of that name; and during the next 10 years, in company with her younger sister Ellen, she acted with great success in many parts of the United States and England. The children developed remarkable talent, and in such juvenile pieces as "The Gay Couple," written specially for them, invariably drew large audiences. In 1856 Kate retired from the stage, but reappeared as a star actress in New York in 1860 in "Evangeline," a drama written by her mother. In December, 1862, she made her first appearance in Boston as Leah, a part peculiarly identified with her, and which she subsequently frequently performed in Great Britain and the United States. In London it was repeated 211 nights in 1863-4. In October, 1866, she was married to George Crowe, M. D., of London.

In 1872 she appeared in London with marked success as Medea in a play of that name. BATENITES. See ASSASSINS.

BATES, a W. county of Missouri, on the Kansas frontier, watered by the Osage river and its tributaries; area, 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,960, of whom 120 were colored. The surface is chiefly rolling prairie. The chief productions in 1870 were 104,533 bushels of wheat, 910,266 of Indian corn, 168,621 of oats, 47,118 of potatoes, and 25,350 lbs. of wool. There were 7,331 horses, 1,038 mules and asses, 5,507 milch cows, 11,798 other cattle, 11,294 sheep, and 21,701 swine. Capital, Butler.

BATES, Barnabas, a promoter of cheap postage in the United States, born at Edmonton, England, in 1785, died in Boston, Oct. 11, 1853. He came to America at an early age, became a Baptist preacher in Rhode Island, and was for a time collector of the port of Bristol. In 1825 he established in New York the "Christian Inquirer," a weekly journal. Afterward, while acting as assistant in the post office at New York, he became interested in the question of cheap postage. He investigated the subject for years, wrote, published pamphlets, and lectured, and finally effected a material reduction in the rates of land postage. He was endeavoring to obtain a corresponding reform in ocean postage at his death.

BATES, Edward, LL. D., an American statesman and jurist, born in Goochland co., Va., Sept. 4, 1793, died in St. Louis, Mo., March 25, 1869. He emigrated in 1814 to Missouri with his elder brother Frederick, then secretary of the territory, commenced the practice of law, and became eminent at the bar. He was a leading member of the legislature of Missouri for many years, under the territorial and state governments, as well as of the convention which framed the constitution of the state, and he represented the state in the 20th congress (1827-'9). He was however but little known out of his own state when the internal improvement convention met at Chicago in 1847, before which he delivered an address which gave him a national reputation. Efforts were made to bring him back to political life, but he would neither be a candidate for office in Missouri, nor accept a place offered him in the cabinet of President Fillmore. Mr. Bates was the friend of Henry Clay in 1824, and followed him in supporting the administration and in advocating the reëlection of Mr. Adams. In 1854 he was an opponent of the repeal of the Missouri compromise, and afterward opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution. He presided at the whig national convention at Baltimore in 1856, was strongly supported as a candidate for president in the republican national convention at Chicago in 1860, and was United States attorney general under the administration of President Lincoln, which office he resigned in 1864.

BATES, Joshua, an English banker, born at Weymouth, Mass., in 1788, died in London,

Sept. 24, 1864. At the age of 15 he entered the counting-house of William R. Gray in Boston, and by his remarkable capacity soon attracted the notice of Mr. Gray's father, who sent him to the north of Europe to protect his interests there. In 1826, through the influence of Messrs. Baring Brothers and company, he formed a house in London, in connection with Mr. John Baring, son of Sir Thomas Baring, under the firm of Bates and Baring. On the death of Mr. Holland these gentlemen were both made partners in the house of Baring Brothers and company, of which Mr. Bates remained till his death an active member. In 1854 Mr. Bates was appointed umpire in the English and American commission which had been arranged by the two governments to settle claims held by the citizens of one country against the government of the other. In 1852 he chanced to read the official report of a plan for establishing a free public library in Boston, and wrote immediately to the mayor of Boston offering to contribute $50,000 toward the scheme, on condition that the income of his fund should annually be spent in the purchase of books of permanent value, and that the city should always provide comfortable accommodations for their use, both day and evening, by at least 100 readers. The building was dedicated in 1858, and up to that time he had given to the library between 20,000 and 30,000 volumes over and above all that had been purchased by the resources of his fund. Mr. Bates was married in 1813 to Lucretia Augusta Sturgis, by whom he had one surviving child, Madame Van de Weyer, wife of an eminent diplomatist of Belgium.

BATH, a place or vessel for washing the body. Besides the employment of natural streams and bodies of water, the artificial bath has been used from the earliest times of which we have any record. It is mentioned in Homer, the vessel for bathing being described as of polished marble, like many of the basins which have been found in the Roman baths. Even the warm bath is referred to in the Iliad and Odyssey, but it is spoken of as effeminate. In the historical periods of Greece there were numerous baths in Athens and the other large cities; but we know little of their arrangement, and they appear never to have attained the magnificence afterward reached in Rome. At Rome, in the time of the second Punic war and of the vigor of the republic, the baths, according to Seneca, were dark, small, and inconvenient. It was only with the beginning of the empire that they began to be among the most magnificent buildings of the city, the immense ruins which still exist testifying to the almost unparalleled luxury of their arrangements. The public bath at Pompeii (uncovered in 1824), though inferior in size and appointments to those of the capital, was similar probably to them in its internal arrangements. It occupied an area of about 10,000 sq. ft., and contained two distinct bathing establishments, of which the smaller is believed

Doric portico, in which those who were waiting their turn for admission to the thermæ might walk or repose upon the benches placed along the wall. From this court there was a communication by means of a corridor with a smaller room, frigidarium, in the walls of which holes are observed, which served for the insertion of pegs on which the clothes of the bathers might be hung. This room was the apodyterium (the place where the clothes were left) for those who intended to take the natatio, or cold bath. From it another door opened into an apartment in which was placed the natatorium, or the piscina, a basin for the cold bath. The piscina itself occupies the centre of the room; it is of white marble, circular, 12 ft. 10 in. in diameter, and a little more than 3 ft. in depth; 10 in. below the lip, and 2 ft. 4 in. from the bottom, it is surrounded by a marble seat, 11 in. in width. The water was conducted into the

Apodyterium at Pompeii

were rubbed and anointed with some of the immense number of fragrant oils and ointments which were employed by the ancients. Having left his dress in the tepidarium, the bather passed directly into the caldarium. The flooring of this apartment, which, in accordance with the directions of Vitruvius, is twice as long as it is broad, is placed upon small pillars (suspensura), so that the heat from the furnaces had ready and free admission beneath it. The walls, too, were hollow, the inner being connected with the outer wall by strong clamps of iron and brick, and they thus formed one large flue for the circulation of the heated air. At one end of this room was placed the hot

Baths of Titus.

bled those of the men, except that the different apartments were much smaller, and the arrangements less complete.-The great thermæ erected by the emperors at Rome were much more extensive and magnificent structures. The baths of Caracalla were 1,500 ft. long by 1,250 ft. broad. At each end of the building is a large oblong hall, a, having on one of its sides a semicircular tribune, b. The halls were probably designed for exercise, as was also the large open space f before the baths. From the tribunes orators and poets spoke to those assembled at this favorite place of resort. The large central apartment is called the pinacotheca, but excellent authorities believe it to have been the cella calidaria. The circular apartment e was the laconicum, or room for the vapor bath; while the apartment d, at the other side, was the cella frigidaria. The water for all the building came from the elevated reservoir h, passing under the rows of seats g, from which spectators witnessed the

bath. This was a shallow cistern (alveus), 15 ft. in length by about 4 ft. in breadth, and 2 ft. and half an inch in depth; it was elevated above the level of the floor, and the bathers ascended to it by means of two steps, the top one serving for a seat; on the inside another seat surrounded the whole of the cistern at about half its depth. The hot water was furnished by caldrons placed upon the other side of the wall. At the end of the room, opposite the alveus, was the labrum, a huge vase or tazza of white marble, 8 ft. in diameter, and having a depth internally of not more than 8 77 VOL. II.-25

h4

+4

Plan of Baths of Caracalla.

athletic exercises below. All the apartments of the bath were magnificently ornamented with mosaic, and profusely adorned with

painting, stucco work, and statuary. In these immense establishments, the apartments were not only more numerous, but some of them on a very much larger scale. Thus the natatorium, or swimming bath, in the baths of Diocletian, was 200 ft. long by 100 ft. broad, and it is calculated that in the whole establishment more than 18,000 persons could bathe at the same time.-In the times of the republic the cold bath alone was ordinarily employed, but later the hot air and warm bath were likewise generally used. The order in which they were taken varied according to the directions of the physicians or the inclination of the bather. Previous to bathing, gentle exercise was generally taken; then it was recommended that the bather should remain in the tepidarium, or warm chamber, for a time previous to undressing; after undressing he proceeded commonly to the caldarium, and after sweating some time in its heated atmosphere, he either gradually immersed himself in the hot water bath, or had hot water simply poured over the head and shoulders; then cold water was poured over the head, or the bather plunged into the cold piscina. He was now scraped with strigiles (small curved instruments, made generally of bronze), dried and rubbed with linen cloths, and finally anointed. When one bath alone was desired, it was taken just before the principal meal; but the Romans bathed after as well as previous to their cana, and Commodus is said to have indulged in seven or eight baths a day.-The Turks and Arabs have, since the decline of Roman civilization, more particularly cherished the custom of bathing than any other nations. The laws of Mohammed ordain five prayers daily, and an ablution of the face, hands, and feet before each of them. There are many other

Turkish Bath.

occasions for bathing, and the public bath is as sure to be found in every village as the mosque. With these eastern nations, as well as in Egypt, public bathing is a very complicated art. The bather, having left his dress in the reception room, proceeds through a long gradually warmed passage into the spacious bathing room, in which the steam of boiling water and the perfumes of burning essences are combined. He there reclines upon a kind of hammock, and when he has perspired sufficiently, the process of shampooing and bending the joints is performed upon him. He then passes into an adjoining apartment, where his head is profusely covered with the foam of soap, and his body with a kind of poma tum. In two other rooms he is washed with both warm and cold water, and he returns to the open air as he entered, through a long passage the temperature of which is graduated.-In India, also, there are public baths, which are associated with the practice of shampooing. The bather is extended upon a plank, and a vigorous attendant pours hot water over him, presses and bends the various parts of the body, cracks all the joints, and continues this operation of pouring, pulling, and pressing for about half an hour. He then rubs him briskly with a hair brush, with soap and perfumes, after which the subject is obliged by his fatigue to sleep a few hours, but wakes extremely refreshed. The women in India take a lively pleasure in being shampooed by their slaves, and Europeans who enter upon the process with a sort of fear describe the sensation which results as delightful and peculiar.-The northern nations have also their peculiar usages in respect to bathing. The Russian lord has his bathing room in his own house, and the people in the villages frequent the public bath at a small expense. The entire operation consists, first, of a perspiration, then of friction, and of successive ablutions in hot and cold water. The poorer people, however, adopt a simpler method. They remain in the bathing room only till they begin to perspire freely, and then rush out and throw themselves, perhaps through a crust of ice, into the nearest stream or pond, thus exposing themselves suddenly to the extremes of temperature, and tempering themselves as steel is tempered. Among the Russians of Siberia, the bath is especially in use as a means of driving off the effects of a violent cold and preventing fever. The subject is taken into the bath room and placed upon a shelf within an inch or two of a steaming furnace. After he is well parboiled in this position, he is drubbed and flogged for about half an hour with a bundle of birch twigs, leaf and all. A pailful of cold water is then dashed over him from head to foot, the effect of which is described as electrifying. He is next put in an exhausted condition to bed, and physic is administered. It is rare that a fever does not beat a retreat after a few repetitions of the bath and the physic.