West Indies. His success was commended by | the house of commons, and in 1702, on a second expedition, he encountered the French fleet under Ducasse, and for five days maintained a running fight with them. He succeeded in bringing the enemy's sternmost ship to close quarters, but his chief officers refused to second his efforts. Here he lost a leg by a chain-shot, an event which, though it did not abate his ardor, gave occasion for some of his captains to agree that nothing more was to be done." On his return to Jamaica he brought the delinquents before a court martial, which convicted them of disobedience and cowardice, and caused them to be shot. His wound, and the emotion caused by these events, concurred with a pulmonary disease to hasten his death.

BENCOOLEN (Malay, Bangka Ulu, rolling uplands). I. A Dutch residency on the S. W. coast of Sumatra; area, including the island of Engano, 8,736 sq. m.; pop. about 100,000. The surface is hilly and undulating. The soil is in- | ferior to that of the eastern slope of the island; it is for the most part a stiff red clay, burnt nearly to the state of a brick where it is exposed to the sun. The chief culture was pepper during the first intercourse of Europeans with this country. In 1798 the clove and nutmeg were introduced from the Moluccas; but the latter alone has succeeded, and that only by manuring and much labor and care. Some of the forests abound in gutta percha and gutta taban trees, which produce a gum of excellent quality. Coffee is cultivated to considerable extent. The styrax benzoin tree, from which the gum benjamin of commerce is obtained, is grown in plantations. The buffalo and goat are the only large animals domesticated. Tigers are very numerous, and materially impede the prosperity of the country. The Rejangs, one of the most civilized races of Sumatra, compose the greater portion of the population of this territory. II. The chief town of the residency, in lat. 3° 47′ S., lon. 102° 19' E.; pop. about 10,000. The British East India company established a factory at this point for the pepper trade in 1685. In 1714 Fort Marlborough was founded, 3 m. distant. In 1760 the French under Count d'Estaing captured and took possession of the fort and factory; but they were restored to the company by the treaty of Paris in 1763. By the treaty of London in 1824, the English government ceded the fort and factory, and establishments dependent on them, which then embraced a territory of about 12 sq. m., to the Dutch, in exchange for Malacca and its territory, and a small post near Madras. Bencoolen was an unprofitable dependency of the Bengal presidency, and cost the East India company, on an average, about $60,000 per annum during the whole period of its possession; it was maintained partly from a point of honor, but chiefly on account of an over-estimate of the advantages expected to grow out of the pepper trade. During the English possession the town con

tained 20,000 inhabitants, but has now dwindled to one half that number, composed of Rejangs, Malays, Bughis, and a large number of Arabs and Chinese. A Dutch assistant resident is stationed there.

BENDA. I. Franz, a German violinist, born at Old Benatek, in Bohemia, in 1709, died at Potsdam in 1788. He acquired an extraordinary mastery of the violin, receiving his first lessons from a blind musician in a band of strolling players. In 1732 he entered the service of Frederick the Great, then prince royal, with whom he remained the rest of his long life. He founded a school of violinists, whose method of playing was original and effective. He also published some excellent solos for the violin. II. Georg, a composer, brother of the preceding, born in Bohemia in 1721, died at Köstritz in 1795. He passed many years of his life as a musician in the service of the courts of Prussia and Gotha, and improved his style by a visit to Italy. He composed a number of comic operas, and two of a serious character en titled "Ariadne in Naxos" and "Medea," which are written with much feeling and taste. Besides his operas, Benda wrote some excellent sonatas for the harpsichord.

BENDAVID, Lazarus, a German philosopher and mathematician, of Jewish parentage, born in Berlin, Oct. 18, 1762, died there, March 28, 1832. A glass-cutter by trade, he attained great proficiency in mathematics, and the highest praise was awarded by Kästner to his first published disquisition in 1785, Theorie der Parallelen, followed in 1789 by Das mathematische Unendliche. After lecturing in Berlin and studying in Göttingen, he delivered in Vienna for about four years lectures on Kantian philosophy and aesthetics which he afterward published. Persecuted in Vienna, he returned to Berlin in 1797, and spent the rest of his life there, engaged in lecturing and literary labors, and in presiding over the Jewish free school, which under his direction rose to great excellence. His works include Vorlesungen über die Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Vienna, 1795; 2d ed., Berlin, 1802); Versuch über das Vergnügen (2d ed., Vienna, 1794); Versuch einer Geschmackslehre (Berlin, 1798); Versuch einer Rechtslehre (1802); Ueber den Ursprung unserer Erkenntniss (a prize essay, 1802); Ueber die Religion der Ebräer cor Moses (1812); and Zur Berechnung des jūdischen Kalenders (1817).

BENDEMANN, Eduard, a German painter, of the Düsseldorf school, born in Berlin, Dec. 3. 1811. He is the son of a Jewish banker, and was a pupil of Schadow, who had a very great influence upon his style, and led him to adopt many characteristics exhibited in nearly all his paintings. Bendemann was only 21 years of age when his first great picture, "The Mourning Jews," acquired for him a lasting celebrity. In 1838 he was made professor at the academy of art in Dresden. He was also chosen to decorate with frescoes the principal rooms of the

against Prussia was virtually declared on the following day by a resolution of the corps législatif, and formally by the government on July 19. Benedetti having accused Bismarck at that period of having originated in 1866 an alleged Franco-Prussian treaty for a mutual cession of territory, the latter had documentary evidence published Aug. 10, 1870, showing that the French ambassador initiated these negotiations on Aug. 5, 1866, by the direction of Napoleon III. Benedetti published in 1871 Ma mission en Prusse (3d ed., 1872), disavowing any intentional rudeness toward the king, and maintaining that he acted throughout in simple obedience to his instructions.

BENEDICT, the name of several popes of the Roman Catholic church. I. Benedict II., elected in 684, died in 685. He was a Roman, remarkable for Scriptural science, piety, and kindness to the poor. He caused the decrees of the sixth general council (against the Monothelites) to be accepted by the Spanish bishops, and induced the Greek emperor to give up the usurped right of confirming the election of the pope. II. Benedict III., a Roman, elected in 855, died April 8, 858. He is praised for meekness and benevolence, built and beautified churches in Rome, and in concert with Ethelwolf, king of the Anglo-Saxons, established an English college in Rome. He confirmed the deposition of Gregory, the unworthy bishop of Syracuse, pronounced by Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, which was the occasion of the cubsequent deposition of Ignatius and intrusion of Photius in his place, and of the Greek schism. III. Benedict VIII., son of the count of Tusculum, and cardinal bishop of Porto, elected June 17, 1012, died in 1024. The German emperor Henry II. and his wife St. Cunegunda were crowned by him. He made two visits to Germany, during the latter of which he received the city of Bamberg as a present, afterward exchanged for Benevento. During his reign the Saracens attacked the pontifical territory, but were defeated and driven away by the troops of Benedict, after a bloody and obstinate battle of three days. The Greeks afterward invaded Apulia, but were driven out by the aid of the emperor Henry. Pope Benedict introduced the custom at Rome of singing the Nicene creed during mass. He renewed the ordinances of the council of Nice relative to sacerdotal celibacy. He was succeeded by his brother, under the name of John XIX. IV. Benedict XI. (NICOLÒ BOCCASINI), born in Treviso in 1240, died in Perugia, July 6, 1304. He was general of the Dominicans when Boniface VIII. made him cardinal, and afterward bishop of Ostia and Viterbo, and employed him in many important affairs. He was a devoted partisan of Boniface, and remained with him at Anagni after all the other cardinals had fled. Succeeding Boniface in 1303, he composed the difficulties with France and Sicily, both of which kingdoms had been laid under an interdict. He was remarkable for humility. On

one occasion, when his mother presented herself at his court splendidly attired, he refused to recognize her until she had resumed the dress suitable to her humble state of life. He died by poison, and was beatified by Benedict XIV. He wrote commentaries on Job, the Psalms, the Apocalypse, and St. Matthew. V. Benedict XII. (Jacques de NOVELLIS or FourNIER), born at Saverdun, France, died April 25, 1342. He was a Cistercian, and a nephew of John XXII., whom he succeeded in 1334 at Avignon. He was an eminent canonist and theologian, and a severe reformer. He defined the doctrine that the beatitude of the just and the punishment of the wicked commence before the final judgment. VI. Benedict XIII., of the princely house of Orsini, born in the kingdom of Naples in 1649, died Feb. 21, 1730. He became a Dominican at an early age. Having with great reluctance accepted the dignities of bishop and cardinal, he continued to live as a simple monk, and devoted all his leisure hours to study and prayer. As a bishop he was devoted to his pastoral duties, and universally loved; and as cardinal he led what was called the party of the Zelasti, who were pledged to vote at the conclave for the candidate deemed by the college of cardinals the most worthy, without regard to any worldly or political interest. He was chosen to succeed Innocent XIII. in 1724, and accepted the papal dignity under obedience to the command of the general of his order, with many tears. His principal efforts were directed to restore and uphold ecclesiastical discipline. He wrote homilies on the book of Exodus. VII. Benedict XIII., antipope. See LUNA, PEDRO DE. VIII. Benedict XIV. (PROSPERO LORENZO LAMBERTINI), born of an ancient family at Bologna in 1675, died May 3, 1758. From his youth he devoted himself to study and science, especially to canon law and theology. After a long and laborious career in different offices of the Roman prelature, he was in 1728 made cardinal priest and archbishop of Ancona by Benedict XIII. In 1731 Clement XII. transferred him to Bologna, where he remained until his election to the papacy, which took place, most unexpectedly, Aug. 17, 1740. He was then 65 years of age, and he reigned 18 years. During the intervals of public business he contrived to apply himself to his favorite studies, and maintained a correspondence with all the most eminent writers of the day. He was a great patron of science, learning, the fine arts, and charitable institutions. The complete collection of his works fills 15 folio volumes, and includes treatises on the beatification and canonization of saints, on the mass, on the church festivals, and on canonical and moral questions, besides his Institutiones Ecclesiastica, and several volumes of Miscellanea, Many of these works were originally written in Italian.

BENEDICT, surnamed BISCOP, a Roman Catholic saint, born in England in 628, died Jan. 12, 690. At the age of 25 he quitted the court of

King Oswin, at which he held a distinguished position, and devoted himself to the study of theology and monastic discipline. For this purpose he made three journeys to Rome, and then founded the monasteries of Wearmouth and Yarrow, of which he retained the direction. He encouraged the monks in the acquisition of learning, especially with a collection of Greek and Roman authors which he had made upon his travels, and in chanting, introducing the Gregorian chant into England. He also built a stone church at Wearmouth in the Italian style, and furnished its windows with glass brought from France. Among his writings a "Treatise on the Celebration of Feasts is still extant. His life was written by the Venerable Bede, who was one of his disciples. BENEDICT, abbot of Peterborough, an English monk and historian, died in 1193. He studied at Oxford, became prior of the monastery of Christ Church in Canterbury, shared the friendship both of Becket and King Henry, assisted at the coronation of Richard I., under whom he was keeper of the great seal, and wrote a history of the two kings and a life of the prelate, which are still extant.

BENEDICT, Sir Julius, a German composer, born in Stuttgart, Nov. 27, 1804. Having early developed a talent for music, he was placed by his father, a rich Jewish banker, under the instruction of Louis Abeille, concert master to the king of Würtemberg. At the age of 12 he had made astonishing progress upon the pianoforte, but his father insisted that his musical pursuits should not be allowed to interfere with his literary studies. These latter being concluded in 1819, Benedict was sent to Weimar and placed under the direction of Hummel. In 1820 he went to Dresden to receive lessons from Weber, then engaged in the composition of his Euryanthe. With this composer Benedict formed an intimate friendship, accompanying him to Berlin, Vienna, and other cities where Weber's operas were produced. In 1824 Benedict was appointed director of the German opera at Vienna. He went to Naples in 1825, and directed music at one of the theatres in that city for several years, producing his first opera, Giacinta ed Ernesto, there in 1827. In 1830 he went to Paris for a short time, and finally in 1835 to London, which city thenceforth became his home. He was soon very popular there as a pianoforte instructor, and held successively and for short periods the position of musical director at the lyceum and at Drury Lane. In 1838 he produced his first English opera, "The Gypsy's Warning," which was succeeded by "The Brides of Venice" and "The Crusaders," all of which were well received and kept the stage for long periods. In 1850 Benedict accompanied Jenny Lind as accompanist and director of the orchestra on her tour in the United States. Returning to Europe in 1851, he had the misfortune to lose both his wife and his eldest child in the same year, while on a trip

to Italy. Resuming his musical labors in London in 1852, he devoted himself in great part to composition, producing many works for pianoforte, for stringed instruments, and for orchestra, and acting as conductor at the Italian opera in London and at many of the great English festivals. In 1860 his cantata "Undine" was produced at the Norwich festival. His "Lily of Killarney" was brought out in 1862, his cantata "Richard Coeur de Lion" in 1863, and his operetta "The Bride of Song" in 1864. Among his later works are a concerto for the pianoforte, his "Legend of St. Cecilia," and his oratorio of "St. Peter," which latter was produced at the Birmingham festival of 1870. In 1871 he was knighted.

BENEDICT, Saint, born at Nursia in Umbria in 480, died March 21, 543. His parents sent him to Rome to study, but, disgusted with the vices and temptations he found there, he fled to the desert of Subiaco, between Tivoli and Sora. After a time he could no longer conceal himself, and finally built a monastery on Monte Casino, where he laid the foundation of the Benedictine order, and presided as abbot during 14 years.

BENEDICT OF ANIANE, a Roman Catholic saint, born in Languedoc about 750, died near Aixla-Chapelle, Feb. 11, 821. Having forsaken the court of Charlemagne, he established himself in a hermitage upon the bank of the Aniane in Languedoc. Such was the austerity of his life that disciples gathered around him, and in 782 he constructed a monastery for their reception. Here he instituted a reform in monastic discipline which was extensively adopted in other convents, and afterward was introduced into all the monasteries of Aquitaine in pursuance of authority received from Louis le Débonnaire. He finally assumed the direction of a monastery which was built expressly for him near Aix-laChapelle, and there passed the remainder of his life. He induced the monks who were under his control to copy the works of the best authors, and thus rendered an important service to the cause of civilization. His code of rules was published at Paris in 1663.

BENEDICTINES, an order of monks in the Roman Catholic church. The rules drawn up by St. Benedict gradually superseded those of St. Columban and others which.had previously prevailed. His order, founded early in the 6th century, spread rapidly and widely. Its monks planted Christianity in Saxon England, Friesland, and Germany, and Father Boil, a Benedictine, was sent out with Columbus on his second voyage as vicar apostolic of the new world. The order claims 24 popes, 15,000 bishops, and 40,000 beatified or canonized saints. The rules were few and simple. The Benedictines were at first laics, and employed chiefly in manual labor; but gradually the order became a body of learned priests. During the middle ages they were the great preservers of ancient learning and assiduous cultivators of science and art, copying and preserving the