740 are. lor says that he has obtained clear evidence | ascertained its presence a full month after it had Dr. Taylor says he has tried the method of Schmidt and has not found it practically available, and he declares that the question of the distinction between the blood of man and that of certain animals is unsolved. He adds that when blood has been dried on clothing, we cannot with certainty and accuracy distinguish that of an ordinary domestic animal from that of man. Usually, however, in fresh blood, the measurement of the red corpuscles will decide the question; and in old stains, when the blood corpuscles have changed their form and become jagged or stellate, it will often occur that several substances will give them their normal shape and render possible the determination of their source. But the evidence here is based on conjecture only, and should therefore be received with the greatest caution. Not only can the red corpuscles be altered in their size and shape, but they may be decomposed and give origin to crystals which are so similar, whether coming from the blood of certain animals or that of man, that no distinction is possible. Fortunately there are almost always at least a few undecomposed red corpuscles among the crystals. III. It is absolutely impossible to distinguish the blood of one man from that of another by means of the comparison of the red corpuscles. There may be more difference between the corpuscles of two samples of blood from the same man than between those of two men. A great many external causes may produce variations in the size of the red globules; and besides, the proportion of water and of certain gases or salts in the blood has a great influence on the shape and dimensions of the red corpuscles. All who know the facts advanced in favor of or against the theory of Henle, concerning the causes of the difference of color of the arterial and venous blood (see RESPIRATION), are aware of the changes of the blood corpuscles due to oxygen, carbonic acid, &c. The smell of the blood of women might by some persons be distinguished from that of the blood of men, but we cannot place any reliance on the senses of anybody for such a distinction; and we know that even Barruel, who discovered the influence of sulphuric acid in increasing the odor of blood, once failed to distinguish the blood of a man from that of a woman. Chemistry also is of no avail for the discrimination of the blood of one man from that of another. BLOODSTONE, a variety of quartz, of a dark green color, having little red spots of jasper sprinkled through its mass. When cut and polished, the red spots appear like little drops of blood. It is somewhat prized as a gem. BLOOMARY, a name sometimes given to a kind of furnace for the production of malleable iron from cast or pig iron, and sometimes to a similar furnace for the direct extraction of malleable iron from its ores. In both cases the lump of iron obtained, when finished under the hammer, is called a bloom, from the German Blume, a flower, because, it is said, the product is as it were the flower of the ore. The direct fabrication of malleable iron from the ore appears to have been practised from remote antiquity. The natives of India, Burmah, Borneo, Madagascar, and some parts of Africa practise the direct conversion of iron ores into metallic iron in furnaces which are rude bloomaries. In certain districts of India the amount of metallic iron thus produced is very considerable, and much of it is manufactured into steel; but the furnaces used are small in size and do not yield more than 30 or 40 lbs. of iron daily, with the labor of three or four men, and a great waste of ore and charcoal. The massive rich ore coarsely pulverized, or the grains of iron ore obtained by washing the sands in some places, are heated with charcoal in shallow open furnaces until reduced to the metallic state; but as the metal thus produced is infusible at the heat of these furnaces, it agglutinates into an irregular mass, known as a loup, which is afterward hammered and converted into a bloom. Somewhat similar methods of making malleable iron have long been known in various countries of Europe, where under improved forms they are still followed, and have thence been brought to North America. Of these furnaces for the direct production of blooms from the ore five forms are known in Europe, viz.: the Corsican and Catalan forges, the German bloomary forge, the Osmund furnace, and the German Stückofen or high bloomary furnace, which had high walls and approached in form the modern blast furnace, of which it seems to have been the immediate precursor. All of these employ a blast to increase the heat, but the name of blast furnace is technically given only to those furnaces in which by increasing the heat the reduced iron is subsequently carburetted and fused, being thus separated in the form of cast or pig metal from the melted impurities or slag, both of which are drawn off by tapping the furnace from time to time. The production of iron in this way is a continuous process, while in the various bloomary furnaces the operation is interrupted from time to time in order to remove from the hearth the accumulated mass of reduced but unmelted malleable iron, which is then freed from the slag or cinder by hammering. Of these furnaces the Corsican is the most primitive form, and is now nearly if not quite disused. It was said to consume more than 800 lbs. of charcoal in making 100 lbs. of iron.The Catalan forge or bloomary is so called from the province of Catalonia in Spain, where it was formerly much used, as well as in the neighboring parts of France, especially in the department of Ariége. The Catalan forge as used in France consists of a rectangular hearth constructed chiefly of heavy iron plates, and in the largest size measures 40 by 32 inches, and is from 20 to 24 inches deep, or from 12 to 15 inches below the tuyere or pipe through which the blast enters. In some cases, however, furnaces of not more than one half these dimensions are built. The pressure of the blast does not exceed 14 or 1 inch of mercury, and the tuyere is directed downward at an angle of 30° or 40°. The wall facing the tuyere slopes outward toward the top, and in working the greater part of the charge of ore is heaped against it, and occupies from one third to one half of the cavity of the furnace, the remaining space being filled with ignited charcoal. The ore is previously broken so that the largest lumps are not more than two inches in diameter, while from one third to one half of the material will pass through a screen the bars of which are four tenths of an inch apart. This finer ore is thrown on the surface of the fire from time to time during the operation, which is conducted with many precautions as to regulating the blast, stirring, and supplying the fine ore and coal. At the end of six hours, in the ordinary routine, there is withdrawn from the bottom of the furnace an agglomerated mass of reduced but unmelted iron, which is then forged into blooms or bars. The operation consumes, in one of the larger-sized forges, about 94 cwt. of iron ore (a limonite holding 40 or 50 per cent. of iron is treated in the Ariége) and 10 cwt. of charcoal, and yields 3 cwt. of bar iron. According to another calculation, there are required in this process, for the production of 100 lbs. of iron, 340 lbs. of charcoal and 312 lbs. of an ore containing from 45 to 48 per cent. of iron. Of this about seven tenths are obtained in the metallic state, the remainder passing into the slag; 100 lbs. of the ore yield 31 lbs. of bar iron and 41 lbs. of slag, which is a dark-colored basic silicate, very rich in oxide of iron. It is to be remarked that in this direct method of treatment a portion of the oxide of iron is always consumed in fluxing the impurities of the ore, so that the purest ores are generally sought for the purpose. In the blast furnace, on the contrary, by the judicious use of lime or other basic fluxes, the slags are obtained almost free from iron, and the loss of the metal is thus avoided.-The German bloomary furnace was formerly used in Silesia and the Palatinate, and is described at some length by Karsten (1816), but is dismissed with a few words in Bruno Kerl's treatise (Hüttenkunde, 1864, iii. 427), from which its use would seem to be nearly or quite abandoned in Germany. According to Karsten, the German bloomary consists of an iron pot, or a box of iron plates, in either case lined with refractory bricks, and having an internal diameter of from 14 to 21 inches, and the same depth, the dimensions varying with the fusibility of the ore, the force of the blast, and the quality of the coal. The tuyere is horizontal. The furnace having been filled and heaped up with burning charcoal, the ore is thrown upon the fire by shovelfuls at a time, until a loup of sufficient size has been formed at the bottom of the hearth, as already described in the Catalan method. When the blast is too intense, or the coal very dense, it may happen that the reduced iron becomes carburetted by the excessive heat to such an extent as to produce a steel-like iron, or even molten cast iron, instead of a loup of soft malleable iron. A similar state of things sometimes occurs in the Catalan forge, and is occasionally taken advantage of to produce an imperfect kind of steel. From the above description it will be seen that the method by the German bloomary differs from that by the Catalan in the fact that in the latter the greater part of the charge of ore is placed at the commencement of the operation, in a coarsely broken state, on the sloping wall of the furnace, opposite the tuyere, while the remaining portion is subsequently projected in a more finely divided condition upon the surface of the fire. In the German method, on the contrary, the whole of the ore is reduced to this finer condition, and is added by small portions; a plan which dispenses with the charging of the furnace with ore after each operation, as in the Catalan method, and permits of a continuous working, interrupted only by the withdrawal of the loups from time to time.-The German bloomary in an improved form is extensively used for the reduction of iron ores in the United States, where it is known by the name of the bloomary fire, the Jersey forge, or the Champlain forge; it is also frequently called the CataÎan forge, from which, as already shown, it is distinct in form and still more distinct in the manner in which it is worked. This latter seems however to be unknown, at least in the northern and eastern portions of the United States. The German bloomary was probably introduced into North America early in the last century. Among the forges in operation in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in 1856, Lesley, in his "Iron Manufacturers' Guide," mentions one as having been established in 1733 and another in 1725. The magnetic iron sands of the seacoast early attracted the attention both of the American colonists and of metallurgists in England, as appears from the experiments of Dr. Mohlen as early as 1742 upon what was called the Virginian black sand (the name of Virginia being at a still earlier period given to the whole coast from Canada to Florida). These black sands from Killingworth, Connecticut, were there successfully treated in a bloomary furnace in 1762 by the Rev. Jared Elliot, who obtained blooms of 50 lbs. weight of iron, which was afterward made into steel of superior quality, and for his discovery received the following year a medal from the society of arts of London. Steel works had at that time been erected in Connecticut for the treatment of the the metal. The working of these furnaces is metal thus produced, but were abandoned on conducted as follows: The fire being kept acaccount of an act of parliament forbidding the tive and the furnace heaped with coal, the manufacture of steel in the British colonies. coarsely pulverized ore is scattered at short inIn the districts where it was first worked, in- tervals upon the top of the burning fuel, and in cluding northern New Jersey and the adja- its passage downward is reduced to the metalcent parts of New York and Pennsylvania, the lic state, but reaches the bottom without being bloomary process has fallen into disuse since melted and there accumulates, the grains agwood has become scarce, and extensive work- glomerating into an irregular mass or loup, ings of coal in the vicinity, with great facilities while the earthy matters form a liquid slag or for transportation, have rendered it more pro- cinder which lies around and above it, and is fitable to treat the ores in the blast furnace drawn off from time to time through an openthan in the bloomary fire. In northern New ing in the front plate. At the end of two York, on the contrary, the use of the blocm- or three hours, or when a sufficiently large ary process has continued to extend within loup is formed, this is lifted by means of a bar the past few years, and in 1868 the production from the bottom, brought before the tuyere for of iron by this method in that region was esti- a few minutes to give it a greater heat, and mated at nearly 40,000 tons, a large portion then carried to the hammer, where it is of which is consumed at Pittsburgh for the wrought into a bloom; the bloomary fire itself manufacture of steel by cementation, for which being generally used for reheating. This operait is much prized. Two establishments in the tion being concluded, the addition of ore to the vicinity of Keeseville had in that year respec- fire is resumed, and the production of iron is tively 18 and 21 bloomary fires, and the whole kept up with but little interruption. .A skilled number in activity in Essex and Chinton counties workman will with a large-sized bloomary furin 1867 was said to be 136. It is only in moun- nace bring out a loup of 300 lbs. every three tainous regions, abounding in rich iron ores and hours, thus making the produce of a day of 24 wood suitable for charcoal, and still inacces- hours 2,400 lbs. of rough blooms. The consible to railways, that this process can hold its sumption of charcoal is from 250 to 300 bushels, ground. Its advantages are, that the outlay (weighing 16 or 18 lbs. to the bushel) for each and floating capital required are inconsiderable, ton of 2,000 lbs. of blooms produced. In addiand the consumption of charcoal comparatively tion to the cost of the ore and coal, which varies small. The direct mode of reduction can only somewhat with the locality, the estimate of a be applied to rich ores, which to yield good competent iron master in northern New York results in the German or Catalan bloomary in 1868 gave for wages $9, and for general exshould contain not much less than 50 per cent. penses $3 50, for each ton of blooms produced. of iron, while much richer ores are to be pre-Several plans have been introduced having for ferred. Two tons, and of the richest and purest ores 1 ton, will under careful management yield one ton of blooms. The bloomary hearths used in northern New York vary in area from 27 × 30 to 28 x 32 inches, and in depth from 20 to 25 inches above the tuyere, and from 8 to 14 inches below. The sides are of heavy cast-iron plates, and the bottom, though often of beaten earth or cinders, is in the best constructed hearths also of iron, made hollow and kept cool by a current of water circulating through it. The side plates slope gently inward in descending, and rest on ledges in the bottom plate. A water box is let into the tuyere plate. The tuyere, which is inclined downward, has its opening in the form of a segment of a circle. In some localities these dimensions differ from those given; and the bloomaries lately erected at Moisie in the lower St. Lawrence, for the treatment of the mag-tained is superior in quality to that produced by netic iron sands, measure 32 x 30 inches, and have the tuyere nearly horizontal. The blast employed in the American bloomaries has a pressure of 1 to 13 lb., and is heated to 550° or 600° F., by passing through inverted siphon tubes of cast iron placed in a chamber above the furnace. By the use of the hot blast the production of the furnaces is much increased, and a considerable saving of charcoal is effected without any deterioration in the quality of their object the reduction of rich iron ores at low temperatures in close chambers by carbonic oxide, and the spongy metallic iron thus obtained was in many cases transferred at once to a hearth and converted into blooms. Such was the case in the methods of Clay, of Chenot, and of Renton. In the manufacture of blooms from cast iron by the Walloon method, now to a great extent superseded by puddling, the iron, generally purified by a first fusion in what is called a running-out fire, is brought in small portions at a time before the tuyere on a charcoal fire similar to the German bloomary fire just described, and known as a sinking fire. It there melts down and is at the same time decarbonized, the product accumulating in the bottom of the furnace in a loup, which is treated in the manner already described and yields a bloom of malleable iron. The iron thus ob puddling, and for the finer kinds of metal the process is still practised in some parts of the United States, and to a considerable extent in Sweden, where a modification of the bloomary known as the Lancashire hearth is employed. The loss in this process of conversion is considerable, and the consumption of charcoal in the production of the pig iron and its subsequent conversion in the bloomary fire is about equal to that required in the direct process. BLOOMFIELD, Robert, an English pastoral poet, born at Honington, Suffolk, Dec. 3, 1766, died at Shefford, Bedfordshire, Aug. 19, 1823. At an early age he lost his father, a tailor, and was taught to read by his mother, who kept a dame school. Not being sufficiently robust for a farmer's boy, he was sent to London to learn the business of a shoemaker, and in his brief leisure read a few books of poetry, including Thomson's "Seasons," which he greatly admired. He composed in a garret where he lodged "The Farmer's Boy," in which he described the country scenes he had been familiar with in childhood. Several London publishers declined this poem, but it was seen by Mr. Capel Lofft, and under his patronage it was published in 1800. Within three years over 26,000 copies were sold, and it was translated into German, French, Italian, and Latin. The duke of Grafton appointed Bloomfield to a government situation, but ill health caused him to return to his trade of ladies' shoemaker, the duke settling a shilling a day on him for the rest of his life. Finally, he retired to Shefford, where he died in debt, leaving a widow and four children. His "Farmer's Boy," which has often been reprinted, is by far his best production. His other principal poems are: "Rural Tales and Ballads," "Good Tidings,' "Wild Flowers," "The Banks of the Wye," and 'May Day with the Muses." BLOOMFIELD, Samuel Thomas, D. D., an English scholar and critic, born in 1790, died at Wandsworth Common, Sept. 28, 1869. He was educated at Sidney college, Cambridge, took orders, and held till the end of his life the vicarage of Bisbrooke, Rutland. He published, under the title Recensio Synoptica, exegetical, critical, and doctrinal annotations on the New Testament (8 vols., 1826); a Greek and English lexicon to the New Testament, revised and enlarged from Dr. Robinson's (1829); a translation of Thucydides (3 vols., 1829); Thucydides's "History of the Peloponnesian War, with a new recension of the Greek text and elaborate notes (2 vols., 1843); and "The Greek Testament, with English Notes, critical, philological," &c. (2 vols., 1832; 9th ed., 1855). Dr. Bloomfield's Greek Testament has been more largely used, both in England and the United States, than that of any other English critic, and is still highly approved as a learned, judicious, and trustworthy work. BLOOMINGTON, a village and the capital of Monroe co., Indiana, situated on a ridge between the E. and W. forks of White river; pop. in 1870, 1,032. A railroad from New Albany to Michigan City passes through the village. It is the seat of the state university, which in 1871 had 13 instructors, 277 male and 31 female students, and a library of 5,000 volumes. The law school connected with it had 2 professors, 53 students, 229 alumni, and a library of 1,100 volumes. BLOOMINGTON, a city and the capital of McLean co., Illinois, 116 m. S. S. W. of Chicago, and 154 m. N. N. E. of St. Louis; pop. in 1860, 7,075; in 1870, 14,590. The city is handsomely built, has street railways and steam fire engines, and contains 36 schools attended by 3,091 pupils, a female seminary, and the Major female college. The Illinois Wesleyan university, a Methodist Episcopal institution, was organized in 1852, and in 1870 had 200 pupils in all the departments, 6 instructors, and a library of 15,000 volumes. Three daily and two weekly papers are published. Bloomington is a great railroad centre, and is increasing rapidly in population and wealth. The Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis railroad and the northern division of the Illinois Central intersect at this point, which is also on the line of the Indianapolis, Bloomington, and Western railway. The construction and repair shops of the Chicago and Alton company are built of stone, and with the yards attached cover 13 acres of ground. The city also contains numerous mills and factories of all descriptions. A large wholesale trade is carried on, the city competing with Chicago and St. Louis for the patronage of the neighboring towns. BLOUNT. I. A N. county of Alabama, drained by the upper courses of the Locust and Mulberry forks of Black Warrior river; area, about 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,945, of whom 682 were colored. Portions of the surface are mountainous, and covered with forests of excellent timber. Blount's Springs, on Mulberry fork, is a popular watering place. The chief productions in 1870 were 47,375 bushels of wheat, 266,553 of Indian corn, 12,779 of oats, 31,578 of sweet potatoes, and 950 bales of cotton. There were 1,651 horses, 633 mules and asses, 3,235 milch cows, 5,323 other cattle, 9,507 sheep, and 15,983 swine. Capital, Blountsville. II. A S. E. county of Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina; area, 450 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 14,237, of whom 1,456 were colored. Holston river, on the N. W. boundary, is navigable by steamboats; the Tennessee bounds it on the west, and Little river and numerous small creeks intersect it. The Knoxville and Charleston railroad extends from Knoxville to Marysville. The surface is traversed by several mountain ridges, the principal of which are Iron or Smoky mountain, and Chilhowee mountain. The soil is fertile and carefully tilled. Marble, limestone, and iron ore abound. The chief productions in 1870 were 107,819 bushels of wheat, 384,583 of Indian corn, 104,501 of oats, 18,178 lbs. of wool, 129,535 of butter, and 20,219 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 2,847 horses, 2,488 milch cows, 5,018 other cattle, 10,828 sheep, and 15,725 swine. Capital, Maryville. BLOUNT, Charles, an English deistical writer, born in Middlesex, April 27, 1654, died in August, 1693. His first work, a pamphlet in defence of Dryden's "Conquest of Granada," was followed in 1679 by Anima Mundi, a work giving a historical account of the opin |