fair for us to judge of his Gegensätze by the Anglo-Saxon standard of morality or logic. Dr. S. holds to the theory of development, and according to that, the Papacy would seem to have been in Peter a gemma clausum, an undeveloped germ. He did not "interfere with the independence" of his brethren. He gave up the lead in "the Council of Jerusalem" to James (Acts xv.) and to Paul in the general onward movement of Christianity. "As a common presbyter, not as a lord over the flock but as its example, he travels from place to place, in poor raiment, accompanied by his wife, to proclaim the simple word of the cross to Jews and Gentiles."* But his "Primacy is transferred to the Bishop of Rome,"† and Rome was always a fruitful soil for the germs of power to grow in. However, in the beginning of the second century, there is "not the least trace yet of a Primacy." But the "phraseology of the Apocalypse already looks to a monarchical concentration of governmental power in one person." "The Church," at length, "brings on the middle ages, in which the Pope represents the supreme spiritual power." And " even since the Reformation, the Pope, as such, that is, in his official character, is the legitimate head of the Roman Church ;" and as "the Church of Rome has combined the gifts and prerogatives of Peter," which includes "all the power of the government of the Church," "the colossal phenomena of the Papacy"** are only the evolution, the genetical development of the powers which "lay folded up" in the holy, humble, and laborious Peter,†t who said to "the Elders" of the Churches, "I who am a Co-Elder (veẞútepos) exhort you feed the flock of God, not as lords over God's heri Dr. Schaff's "What is Church History ?" pp. 42, 43. P. 539. ¶ P. 377. § P.40. ** P. 41. tt The Papacy in full power, pride, and corruption, is the Primacy of Peter aufgehoben. But the best authorities (Hegel and Herder for example) on this process of Aufhebung insist that the development through all possible amplifications and variations, must preserve its original type. An acorn, for example, may be developed into a full-grown oak, a forest, or a thousand forests of oaks; but it can never be developed into any thing else. Now where is the original type of Christian and Apostolic character as manifested in Peter, to be found in the Popes of the middle ages or of later times ? tage, but as ensamples to the flock; all of you be subject one to another; be clothed with humility: and when the chief shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of glory." When we pass out of the region of Popish fictions and Pantheistic contradiction and confusion into the atmosphere of God's Holy Word, we feel at once that we have entered quite another element. And how is the whole structure which Romish ambition has reared, and into the dilapidated and crumbling stones of which modern infidelity is trying to introduce a fresh cement, demolished to its corner-stone by a few words of Christ! "Jesus called them to him and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles, exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. But so shall it not be among you." "One is your master, even Christ," and "all ye are brethren." "If the Son make you free, ye shall be free indeed." Surely then, not under Peter "endowed with all the powers of the Church's government," or of the "Bishop of Rome," to whom Dr. Schaff says, he has "transferred his Primacy." Our examination has extended only to a little beyond the middle of Dr. Schaff's work. But the positions he has already advanced, are such as to lay the whole truth and grace of God, and the whole liberty, hope, and salvation of the human race, at the feet of the Roman Papacy. ART. IX.-LITERARY AND THEOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE. HOLLAND. The Society at the Hague "For the Defence of the Christian Religion," has awarded the prize for an Essay on "The Origin and Character of the Presbyterian System of Church Government, and of its Changes in History since the Reformation," to Mr. G. V. Lechler of Wurtemberg. It proposes other prizes for treatises on the "History of the Presbyterian System in the Low Countries and its Influence;" on "A History of Ecclesiastical Independency, before and since the Reformation;" on the "Doctrine of Arius as to the Person of Christ, and Arianism in its later forms;" and on the " the Ethical Element in Christian Systems." Neglect of GERMANY. The second part of the "Studien und Kritiken" for 1854 does not contain articles of so much general interest as the immediately preceding numbers. The longest Essay is by Dr. H. Merz, a continuation upon the "Innere Mission," or Home Missions, chiefly occupied with discussing the relation of such missionary efforts and organizations to its regularly established ecclesiastical bodies. Dr. Ullmann inaugurates his accession to the highest Ecclesiastical Council of the Archduchy of Baden, and to the rank of a Protestant “prelate," by a genial address to his fellow clergy. Rütsell discusses the plan of the last part of Isaiah, chapters forty to sixty-six; Fries, the locality of the land of Uz; Weber, the History and Condition of the Scottish Church; and Professor Schöberlein, of Heidelberg, the Principles of Evangelical Forms of Worship. The most curious article is an attempt by Dr. F. Koester to show that Paul had studied the Orations of Demosthenes, by philological similarities between the two, in respect to grammatical structure and unusual usages of words. He enumerates some eight parallelisms of the kind from the Epistle to the Romans, thirteen in the Corinthian Epistles, and other instances in nearly all the Epistles of Paul. The third" Heft" of the same Journal contains a continuation of Schöberlein's Essay on the Evangelical Forms of Worship, which subject is now attracting much attention among the German divines; an elaborate discussion of Schelling's "Monotheism," with copious extracts from his recent Lectures by Bauerheim; Thenius on the "Songs of degrees in their bearings upon the question of the time when the psalms were composed;" Hundeshagen, a notice (such as is not unusual in German periodicals) of two of his own works, including a polemic against the "Young Lutherans ;" and Baur on the latest reconstruction of German works on Education. The twenty-seventh issue of the "History of the European States," begun by Heeren, published by Perthes, contains the third volume of the History of England, by Pauli, well known by his life of Alfred; and the fifth volume of Schaefer's History of Portugal. The two previous volumes of the history of England were by Dr. Lappenberg, and have been pronounced in England to be the best narrative of England's earlier days. The second volume of J. W. Zukeisen's "History of the Moslem Kingdom in Europe," is an d for the same series. The 13th, 14th, and 15th numbers of Herzog's "Real-Encyclopädie d. Protest. Theologie," being the 3d, 4th, and 5th parts of the second volume, have been received. They fully sustain the high character of this Protestant Encyclopædia. The article on the Biblical Text of the Old and New Testaments, on the translations of the Bible, on the popular use and prohibition of the Scriptures, on Boniface, the German Missionary, and on the Pope's Boniface, are able and full. The second quarterly issue of Niedner's "Zeitschrift für die Historische Theologie" for 1854, contains in one hundred pages the conclusion of G. V. Lechler's account of "Wickliffe and the Lollards, from the persecution in 1431 to the English Reformation, 1535." This portion of the treatise is chiefly occupied with a full analysis of the most important works of Reginald Peacock, bishop of St. Asaph and Chichester in the reign of Henry VI. It is a valuable contribution to English history. It contains summaries of works of Peacock which have never yet been published, especially of his "Represser of ouer myche blamyng the clergie;" of the "Book of Faith," designed to bring back the Lollards to the English church; and of his "Donat," or "Key of Christian Religion." The title, "Donat," is taken from the Roman grammarian Donatus, whose name was used in the middle ages to designate an elementary grammar. This latter work is in the Bodleian library, Oxford. The only remaining article of this issue of the "Zeitschrift" is the commencement of an account of the "True (so-called) Inspiration-Churches," from 1688 to 1850, from sources not yet used, by Max Goebel, of Coblence. These were congregations scattered through Wirtemberg, Alsace, and the Palatinate, composed of mystics and visionaries, whose history the author has carefully explored. They originated from the expulsion of the French "Prophets," dispersed by the persecutions in that land, and settling in various parts of Western Germany. In several localities they remain to the present day. The "Zeitschrift" for Lutheran Theology, in its first quarterly number for 1854, has a continuation of Dr. Rudelbach's treatise on the "Parochial System and Ordination," discussing particularly the question whether there can be ordination without a pastoral change, in connexion with the sixth canon of the Chalcedon council, which forbids it. E. Gundert contributes a second article on "the first Epistle of Clement of Rome to the Corinthians," devoted to the state of the Corinthian church, and refuting the position of the Roman Catholics, that that church had then a bishop, and also the position of Rothe, that it had a bishop before and after, but not during the time of the disturbances which called forth the Epistle of Clement. R. Rochell has an Essay on the "Philosophy of Nature," in connex ion with Revelation, and Dr. P. Bötticher an attempt at a Restoration of the "Canon Muratorianus," so important for the critical history of the Canon of the New Testament. The Critical Notices and Summaries of this Review are unusually full and learned. The Homilies, which a false tradition assigns to Clement of Rome, have been issued in a new and careful edition by A. R. M. Dressel of Göttingen, in a volume of 430 pages. The version of Cotelerius is retained; the text is corrected by a MS. of the so-called "Ottobonian Library," in the Vatican. The Paris Codex of the earlier editions is deficient in the nineteenth and twentieth of the Homilies. The Discussions of Schliemann of Hilgerfeld, and of Dressel, serve to throw new light on these Clementina, though they are only a romance of the earlier Christian times. Oehler's convenient edition of the works of Tertullian is now completed, in three volumes, for sixteen thalers. It is edited with great care. The first volume contains the Apologetical Works and those pertaining to Christian Rites and Manners; the second volume, the Polemic and Dogmatic Writings; the third, Dissertations by Mosheim, Kaye, and others, on the Life and Writings of Tertullian. The third volume of the "Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum," published under the authority of the Prussian Academy, from materials collected by August Böck, and edited by Joannes Franzius, has been completed by the fourth fasciculus, making a volume of 1,271 folio pages. "The Central Doctrines of Protestantism, as developed within the Reformed Church." By Dr. A. Schweizer. The first part of this work, 585 pages, is devoted to the Sixteenth Century. The author is a descendant of Suicer, and already well known by his learned "Doctrinal Theology of the Reformed Church." -"History of German Protestantism," by Dr. H. Heppe, the second volume (1563-1574); a third will complete this important work. The second volume of the "Bibliotheca Patrum Græcorum Dogmatica," projected by Prof. Thilo, contains select Doctrinal Works of Basil and of Gregory of Nazianzum; an Appendix gives the Apology and Confession of Eunomius, and the Synodal Epistle of Amphilochius. |