"pious readings" (lectures pieuses). Bishop Cheverus replaces it with "learning our religion."

"He expresses himself, P. II., Less. VII., in such a manner as to give the impression to those who should read that place only, that he shares the sentiments of the Protestants in respect to purgatory.

"He makes it the duty of all men to speak the truth at all times. Christian prudence obliges us sometimes to suppress it (La prudence Chrétienne oblige quelquefois de la taire).

"He says that the commandments of the church are comprised in the Decalogue. We do not find that the commandment of annual confession is therein contained.

"He makes it a duty to procure harmony and concord among all men. If this be understood to the letter, M. Fleury seems to exact from us what is impossible.

"The errors," says M. Migne, "which we have thus pointed out, have caused it for a long time to be desired that some one would take the trouble carefully to revise (revoir avec soin) the Catechism of M. Fleury." M. Migne has therefore employed "un theologien " (whom he does not name), to "undertake this work," to retouch (à retoucher) the Catechism of Fleury, to "take out the stains which disfigured the work " (pour ôter les tâches qui défiguraient cet ouvrage), "to remove from it all the stumbling-blocks" (d'en enlever toutes les pierres d'achoppement), to "turn its phrases differently" (tourner cette phrase autrement, as he says of a particular instance), and thus the illustrious author of the "Histoire Ecclésiastique" has been mercilessly cut and stretched to the bed which M. l'Abbé Migne and "a theologian" have prepared for him, to make his doctrine and morals conformable to modern Roman ethics and orthodoxy; and a tolerably scriptural is turned into a thoroughly popish catechism.

We are left in no doubt, then, what are regarded as "errors," "stains," and "stumbling-blocks," in a Roman Catechism; we have, too, the most striking proof that is possible, of the rapidity and the direction of Roman "development." The advice to read the Scriptures, to tell the truth at all times, to honor no creature but in its relation to God, to look to God first, and chiefly, in order to obtain the

gift of continence, to regard the sorrow for sin which is awakened by the love of God as perfect contrition, &c. &c. :—all this might be borne in a catechism designed to teach the youth of the Roman Catholic church two centuries ago; but it cannot be borne now. The catechism must be carefully revised" before it can be allowed to circulate among "the faithful." Whither then is the drift of Rome, but away from God, away from truth, and from all that a sound conscience regards as good morals, into the abyss of complete and irrecoverable apostasy?

And what are we to think of that union with " Catholicism," which many proclaim it to be the special destiny and glory of the nineteenth century to consummate?

If the Roman church has been thus free and bold in refashioning a book, which the press has multiplied and made widely known (and thus compelled a notice of the changes made in it), what liberties has she probably used towards those earlier writers, whose works were almost irresponsibly in her keeping for many centuries?

This whole matter suggests a wholesome and timely lesson on the tendency of this practice of retouching and revising books, to adapt them to circumstances, and the progress of ideas. Is it consistent with truth and fairness to give the influence of an author's name, and the impulse of a circulation acquired by his character and life, to opinions, which are, to say the least, not his own? Are sweeping changes in statements, which the author probably made with great care, and deemed of great importance, covered by the simple notification that the work has been revised? Is the measure justified by the plea of doing good?

The Abbé Migne presides over one of the most prolific presses in existence. He is pouring forth editions of the fathers and of the writers of the Papal Church, for the use of their clergy, with a prodigality and cheapness which scarcely has a parallel. Like the publishers of the ephemeral novels which at once stimulate and minister to the morbid appetite of the time, he seems to count on a vast demand as the sure result of a cheap supply. From what the Catechism of Fleury has become under his hands, we may form some idea of the principles on which he performs his editorial duties, and of the quality of the aliment which he

is providing for the young minds which are confided to the tuition of the Roman priesthood.

ART.. IX-LITERARY AND THEOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE.

HOLLAND.

LAW ANTIQUITIES of the Netherlands (Nederduitsche RegtsOudheden), by Dr. M. J. Noordewier. Utrecht, Kemink, and Zoon. This work is completive of Grimm's "Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer." "The leisure of many years," says the author, "has been devoted to it with the kind encouragement of Grimm himself. Like Grimm, we have made the laws, customs, costumes, verdicts (gewysden) to speak for themselves. The domestic phrases, old poetry, and other literature of the provinces have been made, as far as possible, to illustrate their laws. Coincidences with the ancient Greeks, Romans, or other races (which are often very surprising), are carefully pointed out." . . "The free forest and plain knew legal institutions, as occasion called for them, long before towns existed. For six centuries they contained the majority of the inhabitants of the land. They will hold an important place in our work; one design of which is to show how individual freedom was lost; how the greater part of the people became serfs; and how liberty, after centuries, was (though only partially) recovered by the towns." The work is dedicated to the Historical Society of Utrecht.

Voyage through the Indian Archipelago, in the interest of the Evangelical Mission, by L. J. Van Rhijn (Reis door den Indischen Archipel.) Rotterdam. M. Wyt and Zonen. With maps and plates.

An extensive collection of old Dutch literature has been in process of publication for some time, under the title of Werken witgegeven door de Vereiniging ter Bevordering der Oude Nederlandsche Letterkunde. (Works edited by the Society for the Promotion of Old Dutch Literature.) Leiden, du Mortier en Zoon.

The Republic of Plato, translated into Dutch, by D. D. Burge. Amsterdam. P. N. Van Kampen. The Phædo and Theætetus of Plato have been translated by the same author.

The Establishment and Increase of Netherlanders (De Vestiging en Uitbreiding der Nederlanders) on the West Coast of Sumatra, by Major-Gen. Ridder de Stuers. Amsterdam. Van Kampen. -Dutch Grammar (Hollandsche Spraakleer), by W. G. Brill, Philos. Theor. Mag. Litt. Hum. Dr. Luren. Luchtmans.

Treatises and Miscellaneous Writings (Verhandelingen en losse Geschriften), by P. Van Limburg Brouwer. Gröningen. Van Boekeren. The first essay is "a discussion of the leading ideas of Greek Tragedy, with relation to their influence on the human heart." It is an attempt to develope the emotional philosophy of Greek Tragedy. An interesting and fruitful subject.

The same author has published, État de la Civilisation Morale et Religieuse des Grecs dans les Siècles Héroiques. 2 volumes. A Collection of Sermons by eminent living preachers of Holland, with a special view to the promotion of the knowledge of the Gospel and Christian Life. Arnheim. Van der Wiel.

GERMANY.

The fourth part of the "Journal of the German Oriental Society," for 1854, vol. viii., has a review of the scientific works of 1851-2, by Professor Rödiger; articles by K. Graul, on "the Tamul publications of the Evangelical Lutheran Missionary Society of Leipsic;" and a "Refutation of the Buddhist System from the Stand-point of Sivaism" Studies on the Zend by Haug; and accounts of the older poetical sagas of the Orient; by G. F. Grotefend.

The "Studien und Critiken," for 1855, part first, has an introductory essay by the editors, Ullmann and Umbreit, comparing the present state of theology in Germany with what it was in 1827, when this able journal was commenced. It insists upon the necessity of a more thorough application of Christianity to life. Professor Schenkel replies, in vindication of his views, to Hagenbach's strictures on his learned work, the "Principle of Protestantism," insisting that Protestantism has one central principle, and that is, personal faith in the redemption that is in Christ Jesus. The first sketch of Melancthon's system of theology, recently published from a MS. in the Gotha library, in the twenty-first volume of the complete edition of his works, is described by Dr. Schwarz, of Jena, with a criticism upon Melancthon's theological views. Dr. Hollenberg, of Berlin, gives the results of an examination of the Venice MS. of the Church History of Eusebius, with severe strictures on the edition of Dr. Burton. Professor Bleek, the author of the learned commentary upon the epistle to the Hebrews, reviews, in continuation, Lücke's Introduction to the Apocalypse. Bilfinger narrates the history of the "Family of Herod." This review supplies the loss it sustained in the decease of Dr. Gieseler, by the addition of Dr. Rothe, of Heidelberg, to the list of its editorial contributors.

The "Zeitschrift für die Lutherische Theologie," edited by

Rudelbach and Guericke, has a stringent criticism, from the highest point of Lutheran orthodoxy, by Dr. Stroebel, upon Julius Müller's views of the Lord's Supper, as given in a recent Latin tract, and in Herzog's new "Encyclopedia of the Theological Sciences." Müller's views are substantially those of Calvin. Gademann has a treatise on the Acts of the Apostles, and Heltzen contributes an Introduction to his recent and most valuable edition of the "Apostolical Constitutions."

Several works left by Dr. Gieseler are preparing for speedy publication, under the editorship of Professor Redepenning. His "Church History," now published, is complete to 1648; the materials for the fourth volume, as numbered in the German edition, embracing the time from 1648 to 1814, are found in so advanced a state of preparation, that it will be issued during the year; the fifth volume, 1814 to the present time, is ready for the press. A "History of Doctrines" to the time of the Reformation, is nearly complete, and will be published separately.

Niedner's "Zeitschrift für die historische Theologie," Part I., 1855, has only two articles; a continuation of the able "History of Molinos and the Quietists of the Seventeenth Century," by Dr. Scharling, of Copenhagen; and a continuation of the curious history of the "Inspired Churches" formed in Germany by French refugees, some of which still remain.

The second edition of Professor Ewald's "Antiquities of the People of Israel" has been issued as an appendix to his "History of the People of Israel to the time of Christ."

Dr. H. Heppe, of Marburg, the author of the able work on the "History of German Protestantism, 1555-1581," has added another volume to the antecedent history, with the title, "The Con-, fessional Development of the Old Protestant Church of Germany,' with reference to the present state of parties and discussion upon the "Union." It has respect to the adoption of the Augsburg Confession of 1530, by the German "Kirchentag" of the last year (1853), to vindicate this union as the true position of German Protestantism. His position is, that Luther, and Melancthon, and Calvin, all originally denied the essential dependence of salvation upon the sacraments, and asserted that the only essential organ is the Word. A traditional and contrary element mingled itself afterwards with the original view of Luther, and perverted it. Melancthon always

resisted this. The work is able and learned, and has already begun. to call out replies. Professor Koeskin, of Tübingen, has a long article upon it in Reuter's "Repertorium" for September.

Dr. Kahais's recent work, "The Internal Progress of the VOL. I.-No. IV.

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