and religious Gilds-§ 39. Confiscation of the property of Gilds-

§ 40. Dissolution of the colleges, Henry VIII., Edward VI.

Object and extent of the 'confiscation '-§ 41. Danish Gilds;

partial revival of Gilds; friendly societies an offshoot of the

Gilds-§ 42. Evidence of analogy, Sir Frederick Eden-§ 43.

Mr. J. M. Ludlow confirms this view

PART III. Merchant Gilds and Town Gilds: -

-§ 44. Origin of

Town-Gilds-§ 45. Possession of land a condition of citizenship-

§ 46. Merchants in England-§ 47. Gilds in France-§ 48. Similar

ones in Germany-§ 49. Murder of a Gild-brother avenged on a

king—§ 50. Growth of the Merchant Gild—§ 51. The Patricians—

§ 52. Contests for power-§ 53. English Gilds and the Aris-

tocracy-§ 54. Gilds of London-§ 55. Union of Berwick Gilds

—§ 56. Continental Gilds more political—§ 57. Danish Gilds—

§ 58. Condition of membership-§ 59. Separation into classes-

§ 60. Craftsmen excluded from merchant Gilds-§ 61. Wholesale

traders only-§ 62. Monopoly of power, how used-§ 63. Oppres-

sion of the poor-§ 64. Resistance of the craftsmen-§ 65. Perse-

cution-§ 66. Victory of the craftsmen, how used-§ 67. Transfer

of power from the old burghers to the Craft-Gilds-§ 68. Com-

panies of London, origin of—§ 69. The grocers' Lord Mayor-

§ 70. Recognition of the new power by the king-§71. Effects of

the struggle in England and on the Continent-§ 72. Denmark-
873. Effects of the Reformation

PART IV. Craft-Gilds :—§ 74. Evidence of the early power of Craft-

Gilds-§ 75. Population of the towns XIth century; divisions

stated-§ 76. Rise of the handicraftsmen as a class-§ 77. The

burghers or old freemen-§ 78. The bondmen—§ 79. Origin of

Craft-Gilds-§ 80. The causes which led to the establishment of

Craft-Gilds-§ 81. Constitution of Craft-Gilds-§ 82. The first

Craft-Gilds-the weavers-§ 83. Continental Craft-Gilds ---§ 84.

Rise and progress of the early Craft-Gilds-§ 85. The organisation

of Craft-Gilds-§ 86. Opposition of the old burghers to the Craft-

Gilds-§ 87. Contests for supremacy in the towns; weavers--

§ 88. Election of masters or wardens of the Gilds-§ 89. The

triumph of the Craft-Gilds -§ 90. Industrial policy of the Craft-

Gilds-§ 91. Policy of Craft-Gilds on the Continent-§ 92. Ob-

jects and constitution of Craft-Gilds-§ 93. Periodical meetings

and government of Craft-Gilds-§ 94. The duties of wardens of

the Craft-Gilds-§ 95. Punishment of refractory members-Rat-

tening § 96. Every craftsman must belong to a Gild-§ 97. In-

come of Gilds-§ 98. Rules of the Gilds-§ 99. Right to trade or

exercise the craft; apprenticeships-§ 100. Regulations as to tools,

PAGE

19

quality of work, &c.—§ 101. Hours of labour, fasts, feasts, and holi-

days-§ 102. Ruinous competition-§ 103. Further regulations-

§ 104. Refusal to work with a non-member-§ 105. Conduct of

Gild brothers towards each other-§ 106. Religious character of

the Craft-Gilds -§ 107. The union of craftsmen belonging to simi-

lar trades; confederation-§ 108. Relation between masters and

journeymen-§ 109. No actual working class as at present-§ 110.

Rise of capitalist class-§ 111. Degeneracy of the Craft-Gilds set

in-§ 112. Ordinance requiring returns of the Gilds-§ 113. The

rise of the journeymen as a class—§114. The plague, 1348-49—

§115. Statute of Labourers, 23 Edward III., 1349; Statute of

Labourers, 25 Edward III., 1351; Statute of Labourers, 12

Richard II., 1388; Statute of Labourers, 13 Richard II., 1390;

Statute of Labourers, 7 Henry IV., 1406—§ 116. The regulation

of wages and prices by statute-§ 117. Organised efforts to raise

wages; clothworkers-§ 118. Building trades-§ 119. The rise of

other journeymen fraternities; prohibition by the city authorities

-§ 120. Protection decreed to the journeymen-§ 121. Govern-

ment of the Craft-Gilds, restrictive and protective-§ 122. Degene-

racy of the Gilds accelerated by capitalists' regulations-§ 123.

Legal enactments with the object of restricting their authority-

§ 124. Continental fraternities; Germany and France-§ 125. Con-

tinental regulations-§ 126. Transfer of power to the richer members

-§ 127. Opposition to the change-§ 128. German Gilds; regula-

tions-§ 129. Black-lists and strikes -§ 130. Origin and cause of

disputes-§ 131. Statutory regulations, Edward VI. c. 15. German

code, 1577-§ 132. London apprentices—§ 133. Origin of Trade-

Unions traced to the Craft-Gilds-§ 134. General condition of the

workmen in the 16th and 17th centuries-§ 135. Memorial of the

printers; case and proposals-§ 136. The decay of the Craft-Gilds

-§137. Appropriation of the Gild funds by the crown-§ 138.

Causes of the final overthrow of the Craft-Gilds-§ 139. Their final
extinction in France, Germany, and England

PAGE

32

TRADE-UNIONS-THEIR ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND DEVELOPMENT.

PART I. Their origin, successors of Gilds:-§ 1. Trade-Unions the
successors of Gilds-§ 2. Evidence of similarity to the old Gilds-
§3. Conditions under which they first arose-§ 4. Combinations
in the building trades-§ 5. Statute of apprentices, 5th of Eliza-
beth, c. 4.-§. 6 Apprenticeships made con pulsory-§ 7. Persons
who might take apprentices-§ 8. Limitation as to numbers-

PAGE

-§ 17.

89. Journeymen, period of hiring--§ 10. Hours of labour-§ 11.

Wages to be assessed-§ 12. Ist of James I. c. 6-§ 13. Results
to the workmen-§ 14. Duty of magistrates-§15. Effects of
restriction; interpretation of Act limited-§ 16. How Trade-
Unions originated

PART II. Trades subject to the Statute 5th of Elizabeth, c. 4 :—

Woollen manufactures; early combinations; earlier regulations,

Edward VI. and Mary, 5th of Elizabeth, c. 4; report of com-

mittee of House of Commons 1757-§ 18. Combinations pro-

hibited, 12th of George I. c. 34; rate of wages fixed but not

enforced-§ 19. Revolt of the weavers, victory of the workmen—

§ 20. Transition state of woollen trades-§ 21. Small masters and

domestic industry; system of apprenticeships universal-§ 22.

Practice in Yorkshire--§ 23. Domestic manufacture-§ 24. Ap-

prentice, how taught; working of the system; regularity of

employment-§ 25. Stagnation of trade and losses-§ 26. Amicable

relations of masters and men-§ 27. Cloth-halls the market for the

sale of goods-§ 28. Introduction of machinery-§ 29. Merchant

clothiers--§ 30. Division of labour-§ 31. Growth of large capital-

ists; growth of operative class-§ 32. Apprenticeship system

relaxed and discontinued—§ 33. Employment of women and

children-§ 34. Apprenticeships as applied to masters relaxed

and abolished—§ 35. Formation of a trade-society; institution

at Halifax, objects of-§ 36. Combinations suppressed by 39

George III. c. 81--§ 37. Irregularity of employment; fluctua-

tions in trade and in wages-§ 38. Deterioration of small masters

-§ 39. Trade societies formed under cloak of Friendly Societies

-§ 40. Chief object, the prosecution of masters; petitions of

masters, March 14, 1803, May 9, 1803, April 24, 1804-§ 41.

Counter measures by small masters and workmen—§ 42. 43 George

III. c. 136; Suspension of laws-§ 43. Independent action of

the workmen -§44. Institution formed in 1803—§45. Objects of

the institution; apprentices-§ 46. No one to learn two trades at

once; further complaints—§ 47. Provision in case of sickness or

death-§ 48. Contributions and management of the institution—

§ 49. Master manufacturers leave the institution; attempts to

suppress it—§ 50. Workmen coerce the masters-§ 51. Acts of

intimidation by the workmen--§ 52. Parliamentary committee,

1806; report—§ 53. Report favours the repeal of 5 Elizabeth,

c. 4. § 54. Shipwrights' Society-§ 55. The Hatters' Society—

§ 56. The Tailors' Society

PART III. Trades Incorporated by Charter:-§ 57. Incorporated

trades--Framework knitters; apprentices-§ 58. Petition of the

men refused-§ 59. Revolt of the men-§ 60. Great distress

79

82

among the workmen—§61. New bye-laws ordained--§62. Manu-

facturers refuse to obey-§ 63. The company appeal to the work-

men-64. The Stockingers' Trade Society--§ 65. Return a

member to Parliament-§ 66. Workmen petition Parliament;

committee appointed; confirmatory evidence given; motion

lost-§ 67. Workmen again petition Parliament-§ 68. Evidence

before the committee as to frame rents, &c.-§ 69. Workmen buy

the materials-§ 70. Distressed state of the workmen-71. Bill

introduced for regulation of the trade-§ 72. Counter petitions by

the employers; another committee appointed-§ 73. Fate of the

Bill-$74. Great rioting of the workmen ; masters' promises-

$75. Continued depression of the workmen-§ 76. Another appeal

to Parliament unsuccessful-§ 77. The cutlers of Sheffield .

PART IV. Trades not under legal restrictions, &c.:-§ 78. Calico-

printers' apprentices; evidence as to the conduct of employers-

$79. Deductions from wages-§ 80. Effects on the work-people

-§ 81. Calico-printers' Society; rules and objects-§ 82. Appeal

to Parliament-§ 83. Committee appointed, 1802; report-§ 84.

Bill of Mr. Sheridan thrown out-§ 85. The Cotton Traders—

§ 86. The silk trades; report, 1818-§ 87. Spitalfields Acts,

13 George III. c. 68, 32 George III. c. 44, 51 George III. c. 7.

-§ 88. Price lists formed-§ 89. The 'Good Intent' Society

formed-§ 90. Employers' Society-§ 91. Effects of 5 Elizabeth,

c. 4-§ 92. Another Parliamentary inquiry, 1813-§ 93. Repeal

of the Statute of Apprentices by 54 George III. c. 96-§94.

Effects of the repeal of 5 Elizabeth, c. 4.-895. Further petitions

-§ 96. The opinions of Mr. Pitt as to the condition of the work-

people-§ 97. The growth of combination—§ 98. Combination

laws-§ 99. Secret combinations-§ 100. Effects of the combina-

tion laws; riots and injury to property-§ 101. Outrages, 1819

to 1823

PART V. The growth of Trade-Unions during the present century :—

§ 102. Position of the workmen under the new system-§ 103.

Growth of the Factory system, its effects-§ 104. Objects of the

early unions-§ 105. Origin of the combination laws-§ 106.

Early organisations crude and imperfect—§ 107. Statement lists

and arbitration-§ 108. Statute of 40 George III. c. 106 to sup-

press combinations of workmen-§ 109. Prosecutions of workmen

-§110. Conduct of the workmen under persecution—§ 111.

Parliamentary inquiry, 1824—§ 112, Report of the committee --

§113. 5 George IV. c. 95, 1824-§ 114. Object and policy of the

statute-$115. Spread of combination; new inquiry 1825—§ 116.

Fresh legislation, object and extent-§ 117. 6 George IV. c. 129

a

PAGE

97

106

-§ 118. Legislature of 1825—§ 119. Condemnation of 6 George
IV. by W. Nassau Senior-§ 120. Protests of the workmen, 1834;
Dorchester labourers-§ 121. Strikes, 1829 to 1837-§ 122. Par-
liamentary inquiry, 1838-§ 123. Abstract of evidence-§ 124.
Progress of the Unions, 1834 to 1842-§ 125. Inauguration of the
National Association of United Trades, 1845—§ 126. Prosecution
for conspiracy, &c.-§ 127. Great strikes, Engineers, 1852; Preston
operatives, 1853-4; Tin-plate workers, 1855; Friendly Societies'
Acts, 1854—§128. Parliamentary inquiry, 1856 —§129. Builders'
strike and lock-out, 1859—§ 130. Allegations of tyranny and out-
rage against the unions-§ 131. Select committee, 1865; Contract
of service and of hiring—§ 132. Royal commission, 1867–8–9,
to inquire into organisation and rules of trade societies, &c.—§ 133.
Result of the inquiry, Act of 1871; development of the unions
during the last twenty years-§134. Lessons conveyed by the
history of labour struggles

PAGE

116

TRADE-UNIONS, THEIR CONSTITUTION, NATURE, OBJECTS,

AND EXTENT.

§ 1. Definition of a Trade-Union; objects of Trade-Unions; doctrine

of the restraint of trade-§ 2. The right of combination-§ 3.

Trade-Unions voluntary associations-§ 4. Its voluntary principle

should not be impugned-§ 5. The right of the workman to fix

the price of his own labour-§ 6. The right of employers to fix

the price they will pay-§ 7. Workmen weak in isolation—§ 8.

The value of combination-§ 9. Opponents of combination-

§ 10. Effects of restrictive legislation—§ 11. The true basis of

combination; 'Reign of Law;' spirit of association; its opera-

tion as a special force; the limit of its power-§ 12. The basis

of Trade-Unions; constitution-§ 13. Trade benefits and friendly

benefits-§ 14. Table of contribution and benefits-§ 15. Out of

work fund-§ 16. Drunkenness or other misconduct—§ 17. As-

sistance in cases of distress-§ 18. In aid of the rates-§ 19.

Amounts paid during 1875-6; since 1867; since 1851-§ 20.

Effects of out of work benefit on the workmen-§ 21. Out of

work fund confounded with strike pay-§ 22. Travelling relief,

or tramp money-§ 23. Strike pay--§ 24. When strike pay is

allowed-§ 25. Strike allowance; amounts paid—§ 26. Steps to

be taken before a strike can take place-§ 27. Local privileges

-§ 28. Amounts spent in strikes-§ 29. Arbitrary action of the

unions-§ 30. Formation of a Trade-Union—§ 31. Working rules