Ever-each is like no one, a pleonastic expression, which arose when the origin of every was forgotten.-(See Burton, Anat. of Mel. ed. 1845, p. 601).

168. Either (O.E. aghwather, agther, a-hwather, awther; E.E. either, aither, either, other, owther; M.E. either, ayther, other, outher), is an old comparative form (see § 148) containing the prefix â, ever, and the suffix, -ther. It signifies "any one of two." Its negative is neither.

Either has a possessive form either's.

"Then either's love was either's life."

WARNER, Albion's England, p. 57.

"Eytheres will.”—Piers Plowman, B. xiii. 348, p. 228. 169. Other (O.E. ô-ther = one of two, second and other), contains the root ô one, and the comparative suffix ther. (See § 121, p. 99).

Other originally followed the strong declension of adjectives. Its plural was othre; when the final e became silent, a new plural others was formed.

Other for some time was used as a plural, both in M.E. and in the seventeenth century. Cp. other some = some others.

Another, any other, none other, some other, are forms that arose in the thirteenth century.

Other the like =

M. E. otherlike, occurs in Hooker, v. 1. 3.

170. One another, each other, are sometimes called reciprocal pronouns, but they are not compounds. They love one another; they love each other they love-one (loves) another; they love-each (loves) the other.

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171. Else (O.E. elles), is the genitive case of an old pronominal root el = other (Cp. Lat. alius).

We find its pronominal character kept up in what else, O.E. elles hwæt. Warner (Albion's England, p. 178) has elswhat; cp. aught else, nothing else.

Becon constantly uses what other thing for what else. So in Hooker, v. xx. 6.

"For what else is the Law but the Gospel foreshewed?" "What other the Gospel than the Law fulfilled?"

Other where

= elsewhere in Hooker, v. xi. 12.

Else is used substantively in the sense of something else in the following passage.

"What's that she mumbles? The devil's paternoster? Would it were else."-FORD, Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1.

172. Some demonstratives become indefinites. Cp. this and that; such and such; he knew not which was which; ilk and iik in the Ayenbite, p. 54; he and he = one another.-Pier's Pwman, B. p. 226; CHAUCER's Knight's Tale, ll. 1756–1761. "This would, I have, and that, and then I desire to be such and such."-(Burton, Anat. of Mel. ed. 1845, p. 185. One takes upon him temperance, holiness, another austerity, a third an affected kind of simplicity, when, as indeed he, and he, and he, and the rest are 'hypocrites, ambidexters,' outsides, so many turning pictures, a lion on the one side, a lamb on the other."-Ib. p. 34.

"In with the polax preseth he and he;

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By hynde the maste begynneth he to fle."

CHAUCER, ed. Morris, v. p. 296.

'Then was I dubde as true precise,

And faithful by and by;

And none was compted hoate enough

Save he and he and I.-DRANT'S Horace.

See Palladius, Husbondrie, p. 126, 1. 610; Burton, Anat. of Mel. ed. 1845, p. 8.

173. Enough (O.E. genôh, E.E. inoh, inoz, M.E. inough, ynough, anough, inow, enogh.)

We sometimes meet with the plural, enow, anow, (M.E. inowe, anowe).

174. The words sundry, divers, certain, and several, have acquired more or less the force of indefinite pronouns.

They had their several (= separate) partitions for heathen nations, their several for the people ..., their several for men, their several for women, their several for the priests, and for the high priest alone their several."HOOKER, V. xiv. 1.

CHAPTER X.

THE VERB.

175. Verbs may be classified, according to their meaning, as Transitive and Intransitive.

Transitive verbs express an action which does not terminate in the agent, but passes over to an object; as, "he learns his lesson." Transitive verbs are used reflexively; as, "he killed himself;" "sit thee down," and reciprocally, as "they helped one another."

Intransitive verbs express an action that is confined to the agent, as, 66 corn grows." Some intransitive verbs, by the addition of a preposition, become transitive; as, "the man laughs at the boy;" "he talks of himself." Sometimes verbs compounded with prepositions become transitive; cp. come and overcome, speak and bespeak, go and forgo, &c.

176. Some intransitive verbs have a causative form which is always transitive, as,

As we are not now able to form new causative verbs, we are often obliged to give a causative meaning to an intransitive verb, and it then takes an object; as, "he flies his kite," "he ran the knife into his leg." Intransitive verbs may take a noun of kindred meaning as object; as, he lived a good life," "he died a horrible death."

177. Verbs used with the third person only are called Impersonal verbs, as "me thinks," "it rains," &c. These verbs were much more numerous in the older stages of the language. (See Syntax of

Impersonal Verbs).

178. The verb affirms action, or existence of a subject under certain conditions or relations, called voice, mood, tense, number, person. In some languages the verbal root undergoes a change of form to express these various relations.

Voice.

179. Transitive verbs have two voices, the Active and the Passive. When a verb is used in the Active Voice, the subject of the verb represents the actor, or agent; as, "the lion killed the elephant." A verb is said to be in the Passive Voice where the subject denotes the object to which the action is directed; as, 66 the elephant was killed by the lion."

In English we have no inflexions for the passive voice, as in Latin and Greek, but express the same notion by means of the passive participle and the verb to be. We have a very good substitute for the

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passive form in the use of an indefinite pronoun for the subject of the verb; as, “somebody killed the boy" = the boy was killed; one knows not how it happened," it is not known how it happened; "they say," it is said. We can also express the passive voice by means of the verb be, and a verbal noun ; as, "the book is printing" (= "the book is a printing" = "the book is in printing") "the book is being

printed."

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Cp.

The passive voice has grown out of reflexive verbs. The in amo-r is supposed to be a corruption of the pronoun se. Fr. s'appeler, "to be called." Of the Teutonic languages only the Scandinavian dialects have formed a passive voice by means of the suffix st = = sik = self, Lat. se; we have instances of this in busk, "to prepare oneself," "to be ready," and bask from bake.

sk

Mood.

180. Mood has reference to the manner or mode in which anything is predicated of the subject.

The Indicative mood makes a direct assertion, or asks some direct question about a fact; as, “John has a book," "Has John a book?"

The Subjunctive mood expresses some condition or supposition, as "I may go, if the day be fine;" "Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty; "Had I the book, I would give it to you;" "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in Him."

As the Subjunctive mood depends upon the construction of sentences, its peculiarities belong to Syntax. The Subjunctive is almost gone out of use; its place is supplied by auxiliary words.