-ory (Lat. -orius): amat-ory, mandatory, &c. -ose (Lat. -osus): bellic-ose, joc-ose, mor-ose.

-ous (Lat. -osus) full, like: copi-ous, curi-ous, danger-ous, fam-ous, lepr-ous, &c.

-ous also represents Lat. -us in the following:

(1) Assidu-ous, continu-ous, ingenu-ous, &c.

(2) Anxi-ous, arbore-ous, &c.

(3) In the endings -vorous, -fluous, par-ous :-omnivor-ous, superflu-ous, ovipar-ous, &c.

The use of -ous has been much extended in modern English. It is added to adjective stems, as, alacrious, asper-ous, atroci-ous precipit-ous, carbonifer-ous.

It occurs in many modern derivatives, as contradict-ious, felicit-ous, joy-ous.

It is added to some few Teutonic roots, as murder

ous.

Court-eous

E. E. curt-eis, O. Fr. curt-eis, court-ois.

Boister-ous = M. E. bostois, boist-ous, bostwys, from Welsh bwystus, rough, rude.

Right-eous. Here -eous is a corruption of wise. See § 238, p. 213.

Wondr-ous. Here -ous is for the adverbial suffix -s.

"This matter is wonders precious."

Everyman, O.E. Plays, ed. Hazlitt, I. p. 99.

Wonder (used as an adverb) = O.E. wundr-um.

Wondr-ous-ly

=

wonder-s-ly M.E. wonderly.

"Of the elements so wondersly formed."

The Four Elements, ed. Hazlitt, p. 16.

-t, -te (Lat. -tus), discree-t, straigh-t, strai-t, modes-t, hones-t, chas-te, mu-te.

Words like elect, perfect, distinct, &c. have come direct from the Latin.

In Fr. the c disappears before t. Cp. strait and strict,

-und, ond (Lat. -undus): ro-und (= rot-und), jocund, sec-ond.

-y (Lat. -ous): spong-y, (Lat. spongiosus). We find spongious in Gerarde's Herbal.

-y (N.Fr. -if, Lat. -ivus): hast-y, joll-y, mass-y, test-y. See -ive, p. 234.

III. Verbal Suffixes.

-ate (Lat. -atus, the ending of the pass. part.) forms verbs from Latin and French verbs: agit-ate, alienate, assassin-ate, &c.; and from nouns and adjectives : accentu-ate, filtr-ate, superannu-ate, &c.

-ise, -ize (Lat. -izare, Fr. iser, Gr. -w) forms verbs from nouns and adjectives: colon-izė, pulver-ize, civilize, fertil-ize.

-ish (Lat. esco; Fr. -iss in the pres. part. of verbs in ir) establ-ish, flour-ish, fin-ish, nour-ish, pol-ish, &c.

fy (Lat. ficare, Fr. -fier): edi-fy, magni-fy, signi-fy.

245. COMPOSITION WITH ROMANIC PREFIXES.

Words with these prefixes are divisible into two classes, (1) those that have come from the Latin through the Norman French, (2) those that have come directly from the Latin. The first class of words is of course the oldest. See § 244, P. 223.

A, av (Fr. a, av; Lat. a, ab, abs, away from) :—

(1) A-vaunt (Fr. a-vant; Lat. ab-ante), a-d-vance, a-d-vantage, a-vert, a-bridge, a-s-soil (absolve), abstain, ab-ound, ab-use.

(2) Ab-dicate, ab-sent, abs-cond, &c.

A, ad (O.Fr. ad, a; Fr. à; Lat. ad, to) :

By assimilation ad- becomes ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-,

as, at-.

(1) A-bate, ac-quaint (M. Lat. ad-cognitare), ac-quit, ac-cord, (O. Fr. a-cointer), a-c-count.

A-chieve, ac-cuse, a-d-venture, (M.E. a-venture), ad-journ (M.E. ajorne), ad-join, ad-verse, ad-versary, af-firm, af-fiance, af-finity, af-ford, a-gree, ag-grieve, (M.E.ag-regge and a-greve), a-d-monish (M.E. a-moneste), a-mount, a-merce, al-ledge, al-ly, al-low, ap-parel, ap-pear, ap-pease, ap-ply, ap-proach, ar-rive, as-sail, as-sault (M.E. asaute), as-size, as-suage, as-semble, at-tain, a-venge, a-vow.

Cp. the later loans adieu, adroit, alarm, alert, apart, &c. (2) Ad-apt, ac-cept, ac-cumulate, aggravate, al leviate, an-nex, &c.

An, ante (Fr. ans, ains; Lat. ante):—

(1) An-cestor (M.E. ancessoure), an-cestry, v-anguard (Fr. av-ant-garde).

(2) Ante-cede, ante-meridian, ante-chamber.

(3) Ante-date, anti-cipate, seem formed on the model of the Fr. anti-dater, anti-cipier.

Circum, circu (Lat. circum, around) :Circum-cise, circu-it, are found in M.E. Modern compounds with this prefix are very common circum-scribe, circum-stance, &c.

Co, com, con (Fr. co, com, con; Lat. cum, with) :Com becomes col before, cor before r, and co before vowels.

(1) Col-late, com-mand, com-mon, com-pany,

con-ceive, con-ceit, con-demn, con-duit, con-found, con-strue, con-vey, con-voy, &c.; coun-sel, countenance, co-vent, con-vent.

Couch (Lat. collocare); count (Lat. computare), cost (Lat. constare), custom (Lat. consuetudinem), cover, (Lat. co-operire), curry (Fr. cor-royer, for O. Fr. con-roi; Lat. con-redum,) (redum = arrangements from a Teutonic root red to arrange. Cp. Flemish reden, Goth. raidjan, to prepare, make ready).

Quail, to curdle (Fr. coailler, Lat. coagulare).

(2) Modern forms are very numerous col-locate, com-prehend, con-duct, cor-relation, co-eval, co-executor,

&c.

(3) Co is sometimes joined to Teutonic roots, as, co-worker, co-elder.

Counter, contra (Fr. contre; Lat. contra, against):

The N. Fr. form counter is used as a separate word in "to run counter to." It has given rise to the verb en-counter (M.E. countren).

(1) Counter-feit, counter-plead, counter-pane, cont-roller (cp. Fr. contrôle contre-rôle), contrary, contra-diction.

=

(2) Counter-act, counter-balance, counter-mand, contravene, contro-vert, &c.

(3) contra-band is a modern French loan.

De (Fr. de, dé; Lat. de, down, from, away) :

(1) De-ceive, de-ceit, de-clare, de-cline, de-crease, de-fend, de-feat, de-form, de-gree, de-light, de-ny, de-liver, de-nounce, de-prave, de-serve, de-sire, descend, de-scry, (= de-scribe), de-spise, de-spite, destroy, de-vise, de-vour, &c.

Di-s-dain (M.E. dedain), di-still (M.E. destylle). (2) Deception, de-fect, de-lectable, &c.

De, dis, di (Fr. dés, dé; Lat. dis, di, asunder, in two, difference, negation): :

In E.E. and M.E. the prefix dis has its N. Fr. form des or de.

(1) De-part, de-fy, de-lay, dis-cover, dis-charge, disguise, dis-honour, display, dis-turb, dis-please, dispute, &c.

(2) Dis-cern, di-gest, differ, &c.

(3) Deluge mod. Fr. déluge, Lat. di-luvium.

(4) The following are hybrids: dis-believe (= misbelieve), dis-like (= mislike), dis-own, &c.

E, es, ex (Fr. es, e; Lat. ex, out of, from) :— (1) E-late, e-lection, as-say, es-say, es-cape, issue, especial, s-pecial, s-ample (= ex-ample), ensample, ex-amine, ex-cite, ex-cuse, ex-ile, a-mend (= e-mend), a-fraid (Lat. exfrigidare) a-bash = 0.Fr. es-bahir.

(2) Ex-alt, e-lect, ex-ecute, ex-empt, ex-pect, &c.; ex-emperor, ex-mayor.

(3) Efface, élite (= elect), are from modern French. Extra (Lat. extra, beyond.)

(1) Extra-ordinary, extra-vagant.

(2) Extra-work, extra-freight, are hybrids.

Em, en, in (Fr. em, en; Lat. in, in, into, on) :

:-

(1) Em-balm, em-bellish, em-brace, en-chant, en-counter, en-cumber, en-dite, en-dow, en-gage, en-force, en-hance, en-join, en-joy, en-rich, en-tice, en-treat, en-viron, en-vy, &c.; an-oint, am-bush, im-pair, im-prison, il-lusion, in-cense, in-cline, inquire (en-quire).

Many words once beginning with en- now have in-.