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Ruffa. Sect. I. Commerce by the Baltic--Archangel, &c.--II. The moft confiderable Harbours and Places of Trade on the Cafpian -Importance of the Commerce in the Euxine.III. Chinese Commerce.-IV. Increase of the Trade of the English with Ruffia.-V. Internal Commerce-Famous Fair of Irbit-Aggregate national Wealth of Ruffia-Imports and Exports. VI. Coins, Measures, and Weights -Swedish Prifoners employed in coining-Comparison of various foreign Weights with the RuffianOf the Rufs Language--Ruffian Alphabet and Paternofter.

EXTRACT FROM THE ADVERTISE

MENT.

"THE Ruffian empire, which in various refpects now fixes the attention of Europe, has for feveral years been the fubject of a multitude of inveftigations and writings, by which the knowledge of that country is confiderably improved and enlarged. The care which Catharine the Second, from her first acceflion to the throne, and during the whole of her reign, devoted to the cultivation of this knowledge, has been attended with fo much fuccefs, that Ruffia, which, prior to the year 1762, was a fort of terra incognita in our part of the globe, is now in poffeffion of a very confider. able store of materials, from which the present state of this remarkable country may be illuftrated and defcribed. The first and most important ftep to the elucidation of the natural and moral condition of Ruffia was the appointment of the academicians of St. Petersburg to travel for the purpose of exploring its qualities in both thefe refpects; and their journals ftill form the basis of all that we know with certainty of the internal ftate of this extenfive empire. These important difcoveries aflifted the zeal of fome induftrious foreigners, who, either in the country itfelf, or by correfpondence and connexions, collected ufeful materials, and communicated the refult of their labours to the pub. lic. By the introduction of the governments, which, befides the beneficial effects they produced on the political adminiftration of the empire,

greatly affifted the knowledge of the country; by the admeasurement and furvey of the districts affigned them, which facilitated the conftruction of fpecial charts on a more accurate plan, by the more adequate enumeration of the people, &c. but, above all, by the wife and enlightened publicity with which it was allowed to treat of thefe matters, this knowledge acquired fuch a powerful acceflion, that the neceflary materials was no longer the idea of a fyftematical digest of all to be confidered as a vain fpeculation. Bufching, at firft, and after him Meffieurs Schloetzer, Herrmann, Hupel, and lastly Storch, drew up their topographies and ftatistics of the empire. Still, however, the voluminous journals of the academicians lay unopened to this country, and the travels of Pallas, Guldenftædt, Georgi, Lepechin, Falk, the Gmelins, Fifcher, and others, were in England known only by the occafional mention of their extraordinary value, with deferved encomiums on the talents and labours of their authors, in the reports of our countrymen on their return from a tranfient vifit to St. Petersburg.

"Having paffed the greater part of the long reign of the late Emprefs in her dominions, favoured for many years with the friendship and intimacy of two fucceffive directors of the academy, with free accefs to its libraries and collections, and being perfonally acquainted with feveral of the travel. lers themfelves, I prefume to lay before the public this View of the Ruffian Empire, in which I have faithfully followed the authors abovementioned, and delivered my vouch. ers wherever it was neceffary, as the reader will generally find at the foot of the pages Vol. i. p. iii.

"A country of fuch a prodigious extent as the Ruffian empire must naturally attract the notice of every man who wishes to increate his knowledge, whether it be confidered in regard to the aftonishing number of tribes and nations by which it is inhabited, the great diversity of climates under which they live, or the almost infinite quantity of natural curiofities with which it abounds. But the greater part of this country is ftill immerfed in the profoundest barbarifm, and almost inacceffible to the investigations of the ordinary traveller. Here vagrant hordes of people, who, entirely addicted to the paftoral life, roam from place to place, thunning the focial manners of towns and villages, negligent of agriculture, and leaving uncultivated and almost in a defert state vaft tracts of land bleffed with the moft favourable foil and the most happy temperature of feafons: there, peafants, and even in many places inhabitants of towns, flaves to a thoufand prejudices, languifhing in bondage to the moft ftupid fuperftitions; brought up, befides, in the fevereft fervitude, and, being accustomed to obey by no other means than blows, are forced to fubmit to the harshest treatment; none of thofe affectionate admonitions, thofe prudent and impelling motives, which ufually urge mankind to action, make any impreffion on their degraded minds; they reluctantly labour the fields of a hard mafter, and ftudioufly conceal from his knowledge thofe riches which fome accident, fo deur able in other countries, fhould have led them to discover; as they would only augment the number of their toils and the heaviness of their yoke. Hence that carelefs contempt for the treafures prefented them by Nature, and the neglect of those bounties the lavifhes on them: hence thofe immenfe deferts almoft totally deftitute of cultivation, and fo many towns that are falling to decay." Vol. i. p. ix.

EXTRACTS.

FREEZING OF THE NEVA-THE EMPRESS ANNA'S PALACE OF ICE.

"THE covering of the Neva with ice, and the breaking up of it, are remarkable phænomena. When the ice is fetting-in, as it is called, fmall detached flakes of ice are feen float

ing down the current, which foon grow into large fields, and acquire fo great a momentum, that the bridges must be haftily taken afunder, to pre vent their being carried away by the ice, a difafter which has happened more than once. Thefe large plains of ice continue for a day or two paffing with the current, while the boats are feen rowing between them; till all at once the floating ice ftops, either by the gulf being already clofed below, or the flakes of ice freezing together: when immediately foot-paffengers, who have been waiting on the fhores for this happy moment, go over in all fafety. Nothing is more common than to fee boats crolling the river, and, in two hours afterwards, to behold hundreds of people going over on foot.

"No lefs rapid is the departure of the ice. In the fpring, the firtt indication of this approaching event, is the ftanding of the fnow-water on the ice; then the ice becomes more porous, or divides into fpiculæ, lets the water through, and becomes of a blackish colour. At length it parts, while the roads that have been well trod during the winter ftill remain; fo that often foot-pallengers are feen on these roads, and between them and the floating sheets of ice, boats in great numbers paffing and repaffing. the force of the current, and fhocks received from the floating ice, at length the roads give way; the ice continues to fall down with the tream for a day or two to the gulf, and the whole river is clear. A week or a fortnight after this, the ice of the Ladoga comes down; which, according as the wind may happen to be, continues a couple or more days, fome. times as many weeks, and renders the atmosphere uncommonly chill.

By

"The ice and the cold are of fervice to the inhabitants in various ways. Distances are much shortened by their means, inafmuch as people, horfes, and carriages of all forts, and of ever fo great burden, can crofs the Neva, and the other rivers, lakes, and canals, in all places and directions: and the Cronitadt gulf fupplies, in fome measure, the want of naviga tion during the winter, by the tran port of commodities of every denomination over the ice. As ice-cellars here are a neceffary of life, for keeping provifions of all kinds during the fummer, fo every houfe in every quar

ter