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BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

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BRADSHAW, (William,) an eminent English puritan, born in 1571, at Market Bosworth, in Leicestershire, of a family ancient, but reduced. After a school education, interrupted from pecuniary difficulty, he was admitted, in 1589, of Emmanuel college, Cambridge, together with Joseph Hall, eventually the celebrated bishop. He there took his degrees in arts; but the college statutes left only one fellowship open to natives of Leicestershire, and that was gained by Hall. Dr. Laurence Chaderton, however, the master of Emmanuel, was so much pleased with him, that he recommended him as tutor in the family of Sir Thomas Leighton, governor of Guernsey, and afterwards procured a fellowship for him in Sidney Sussex college, then newly founded. He now obtained orders, and was indulged with certain omissions to meet his scruples. Clergymen of his principles then found employment as lecturers, and he first acted in that capacity at the two churches of Abington and Steeple Morden, within easy distances of Cambridge. An appointment was afterwards obtained for him by his old friend Dr. Chaderton, at Chatham, in Kent; but before he had remained in it fully twelve months, he was suspended by the ordinary for refusing to subscribe, in spite of warm intercessions from the Chatham people. He now removed into another diocese, where he obtained a licence, most probably without subscription, some of the ecclesiastical authorities being anxious to connive at such omissions, where the parties indulged possessed any solid claims to favour. Bradshaw next removed to London, and was chosen lecturer of Christchurch, Newgate-street. He could not rest, however, there, without publishing a treatise against the litigated ceremonies. This new provocation obliged him to retire from London to a gentleman's

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house in Leicestershire, where he remained until his death, in 1618. Dissenting writers make much of the hardships and obstructions that he encountered; but without undervaluing his merits, which really were considerable, there is no reason why he should have been suffered to eat the bread of an establishment, which he not only disapproved, but was also zealously bent upon reforming after his own fashion. He really seems to have met with great indulgence. His ordination was conducted so as to please himself. When driven from Kent, he obtained permission to preach in another diocese; and for all that appears, he might afterwards have continued to preach in London, if he could have rested without printing also against existing institutions. Nor does it appear that he was inhibited from preaching during his final retirement in Leicestershire. At first he was; but we learn that " by the mediation of a couple of good angels," the restraint was removed. The probable meaning of this is, that two persons of some influence obtained permission for his preaching, on condition that it should never any more be in public situations. As an author, Bradshaw is chiefly remarkable for a small treatise, published in 1605, entitled, English Puritanism, containing the main opinions of the rigidest sort of those that went by that name in the realm of England. This was translated into Latin by Dr. Ames, for the information of foreigners, and it is valuable as a record of the principles entertained by the early English nonconformists. Neal has published a short abstract of it in his first volume (p. 432, ed. of 1837,) but his antagonist, Dr. Grey, charges it with omissions of some note. Bradshaw likewise wrote, Dissertatio de Justificatione, published at Leyden, in the year of his death, and A Plaine and Pithy

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Exposition of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, published in 1620, by Gataker. (Chalmers. Neal, i. 471.) BRADWARDIN, or BREDWARDINE, (Thomas,) an illustrious English schoolman, known as the Profound Doctor, descended from an ancient family, which derived its name from a village, or camp, on the river Wye, called, at this day, Bredwardine; but he appears, from his own testimony, to have been born at Chichester, perhaps at Hartfield, in the diocese of Chichester, as some assert. The exact time of his birth is not known; but as he was proctor in the university of Oxford in the year 1325, he would be born in the middle of the reign of Edward I. He graduated at Merton college, and proceeded to the degree of doctor of divinity. After remaining at Oxford for some time, he attained the two highest stations there, for he became chancellor of the university, and professor of divinity. Subsequently he was appointed domestic chaplain to the famous Richard de Bury, bishop of Durham. Godwin says, that "Richard de Bury had always in his palace many chaplains of great abilities; of which number were Thomas Bradwardin, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury; Richard Fitzraufe, afterwards archbishop of Armagh; Walter Burley, John Manduit, Robert Holcot, Richard Kilwington (alias Kelmington), all doctors of divinity; Richard Bentworth and Walter Seagrave, the one afterwards bishop of London, the other of Chichester. His manner was, at dinner and supper-time, to have some good book read unto him, whereof he would discourse with his chaplains a great part of the next day, if business interrupted not his course." After this Bradwardin became chancellor of the diocese of London, prebendary of Lincoln, and chaplain and confessor to Edward III., whom he attended during his wars in France. Some writers, of his day, thought Edward's victories largely attributable to the virtues and piety of his chaplain. It is at least certain that he was ever a constant and faithful monitor, who exercised a most salutary influence over the mind of his sovereign in times of great excitement, when command of temper was essential to success. He also addressed the army on the eve of battle, and in the hour of triumph; so as to animate their courage, and restrain them from excess. Bradwardin had likewise greatly distinguished himself as a scholar and mathematician, and had published several important

works. On Stratford's death, the monks of Canterbury chose Bradwardin archbishop. The king, however, interposed his authority to annul the election, alleging, as his reason, an unwillingness to part with his chaplain: "He could very ill spare," he observed, "so worthy a man to be from him, and he never could perceive that he himself wished to be spared.' But on the see becoming vacant again, which happened within the year, all parties concurred in Bradwardin's election, and he was accordingly consecrated archbishop at Avignon, in the year 1349. He now hastened to England, where he died of the great plague, forty days after his consecration, and before he had been enthroned. Thus within the short period of a year there were three archbishops of Canterbury; the two first of them having fallen victims to the prevailing epidemic. Bradwardin had so little an air of dignity, that the pope's nephew made a jest of him at Avignon, greatly, however, to the disgust of his uncle and the cardinals. No doubt the archbishop was a hard student, and he might have, therefore, acquired peculiarities which youthful petulance would readily caricature. His great work, De Causâ Dei, against the Pelagians, is a digest of the lectures delivered by him at Oxford, as professor of divinity; and it is said that the pope, out of compliment to the great depth of reasoning displayed in it, honoured Bradwardin with the title of "Profound Doctor." The fame of this production, which treats theological subjects with mathematical accuracy, led Chaucer, in his Nun's Priest's Tale, to rank Bradwardin with Augustine, bishop of Hippo. And an apologue in the treatise appears to have furnished Parnell with the story of his beautiful poem, The Hermit. The apologue is itself of oriental origin, and was probably derived by the archbishop from the Talmud. Bradwardin's published works are-De Causâ Dei, fol., edited by Sir Henry Savile, in 1618, from a MS. in Merton college library. Geometria Speculativa, cum Arithmeticâ Speculativâ, Paris, 1495, 1504, fol. The Arithmetic had been printed separately in 1502, and other editions of both appeared in 1512 and 1530. De Proportionibus, Paris, 1495; Venice, 1505, fol. De Quadraturâ Circuli, Paris, 1495. Bradwardin also left some astronomical tables, which appear never to have been printed. (Savile. Bradw. de Causâ Dei. Bayle. Antiq. Brit. Catal. Cancell. et Proc. Oxon.

Wood. Godwin. Barnes. Regist. Coll. Mert. Oxon.)

BRADY, (Nicholas,) an Anglican divine, who would now be forgotten had not he taken a share in the new version of metrical psalms sung in churches. His father was a military officer, employed in Ireland during the civil wars, under Charles I. He was himself born at Bandon, in the county of Cork, Oct. 28, 1659, and remained in Ireland until he was twelve years old, when he was sent over to Westminster school. Thence he was elected to Christ church, Oxford; but he graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, his father being then resident in that city. In due time he became chaplain to bishop Wettenhall, who made him a prebendary of Cork; and his growing reputation induced the university of Dublin to confer upon him the degree of D.D. by diploma. To the revolution Brady gave zealous support; and he had sufficient influence to save the town of Bandon thrice from burning, after James II. had given orders for that purpose. He was now employed by the people of Bandon to lay their grievances before the English parliament, and he soon settled in England, where his eloquence in the pulpit immediately gained him some appointments in London. He died rector of Clapham, in Surrey, with which he held some other preferments, and thus had an ecclesiastical income of 600l. a year, then a sum of considerable importance; but, notwithstanding, he so managed his pecuniary affairs as to be under the necessity of keeping a school. He died May 20, 1726, valued as a superior preacher and an agreeable man. Contemporaries also talked of his poetry, and a translation of the Eneid by him was published by subscription in the year of his death. But neither this, nor the Psalms which he undertook in conjunction with Tate, nor a tragedy that he wrote, has advanced ais fame with posterity. There are also six volumes of sermons by him; three published by himself, in 1704, 1706, 1713, and three by his eldest son, in 1730. (Chalmers.)

BRADY, (Robert,) an English historical writer, born in Norfolk, and admitted of Caius college, Cambridge, Feb. 20, 1643. He proceeded M.B. in 1653, and became M.D. by royal mandate, Sept. 5, 1660. In the following December he was elected, under the same authority, master of his college; and about 1670, he was appointed keeper of the records in the Tower of London. He thus found

an employment apparently more congenial to his taste than the study of medicine, although he was professor of that faculty in his university, and wrote a letter upon medical subjects, to Dr. Sydenham, published at the head of that learned physician's Epistolæ Responsoriæ. In the Tower, Dr. Brady diligently examined the mass of interesting documents under his care, but he viewed them with an eye rather to politics than antiquities. He sat in parliament for the university of Cambridge in 1681, and again, under James II., in 1685. That infatuated king appointed him one of his physicians in ordinary; and he was among those who deposed, October 22, 1688, as to the birth of the prince of Wales, eventually known as the old pretender. Having been served most importantly by the Stuarts, he showed his gratitude by laboured historical publications in favour of the high monarchical principles upon which they acted. In 1684 appeared his Introduction to the old English History, comprehended in three several tracts. The first, an Answer to Mr. Petyt's Rights of the Commons Asserted, and to a book intituled, Jani Anglorum facies nova, the second edition very much enlarged; the second, an answer to a book intituled, Argumentum anti-Normannicum, much upon the same subject, never before published; the third, An exact History of the Succession of the Crown of England, the second edition, also very much enlarged. The work has an appendix of documents, and other aids, rendering it of very considerable value; but its titlepage plainly exhibits it as a party compilation, advocating the Stuart politics. Its principles, in fact, are capable of reduction to the following three:—that the modern house of commons has no higher date than 49 Hen. III.; that Will. I. made an absolute conquest of England; and that the next heir in blood has an indefeasible right to the succession. In support of these propositions, Brady wrote, besides, with great labour, what he calls a compleat history of England, down to the end of the reign of Richard II. It is usually found in two volumes, of which the first appeared in 1685, and the second in 1700. Like the former work, to which it is generally appended, it is enriched by a large mass of documents; but its completeness has been wholly denied, much being neglected or omitted which did not suit the author's purpose, as a professed opponent of the principles that triumphed under William III. He died August 19, 1700,

having published, besides the works mentioned above, a Treatise on Burghs, in a thin folio. In opposition to his history, Tyrrell's was written, and he has himself been branded as the slave of a faction. Hume's history has, however, been considered as undertaken on principles suggested by his; and his labours will always claim respect from the mass of historical materials which they offer to studious inquirers. (Biog. Brit.)

BRAGADINI, (Marco,) surnamed Mamugna, born in Venice, about the middle of the sixteenth century. He was originally a monk, but renounced his order for the purpose of devoting himself to alchemy. Under the patronage of Giacomo Contarini, a Venetian of rank, he carried on his operations with such eclat, that, to avoid the interruptions to which his extraordinary popularity gave rise, he betook himself to Padua; thence he withdrew to Munich, where the duke of Bavaria, William II., had him arrested, tried, and beheaded, Aug. 1590. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAGADINO, (Marcantonio,) a Venetian of rank. He bravely defended the city of Famagosta, in Cyprus, for twelve months, when it was besieged by Mustapha Bashaw, and only surrendered when forced to capitulate through want of ammunition, August 15, 1571. But the terms of capitulation were perfidiously violated by the Turkish general, and Bragadino, Astorre Baglioni, and other Venetian officers, were barbarously put to death, August 18, 1571.-A writer of the same name, son of Gio. Paolo, flourished about the close of the sixteenth century. He published, De Arte Oratoriâ, Venet. 1590, 4to, with engravings; De Hominis Felicitate Lib. VI.; De Rerum Varietate Lib. II.; De Republicâ et Legibus Lib. IV. Venet. 1594, 4to. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAGANZA, (Don Constantino di,) prince of the blood-royal of Portugal. He discovered in early life so much judgment and bravery, that, in 1557, he was appointed viceroy of the Portuguese dependencies in the East Indies, in the reign of Sebastian. He made an alliance with the king of Surat, took the city of Bobyar, and, in 1560, sailed to Ceylon, suppressed a revolt there, and reduced the prince of the island to the condition of a vassal to the crown of Portugal; whither he returned in 1561, after having exercised his viceregal functions with singular ability and success. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAGANZA, (Don Giovanni di,) duke of Lafoens, son-in-law of John V.

of Portugal, born 1719; he was designed, by his relatives, for the church, and studied for that purpose at Coimbra; but feeling a dislike to the profession of an ecclesiastic, he devoted himself to the cultivation of polite literature. The death of his father-in-law, and the consequent elevation of his cousin, Joseph 1. (who bore him a rooted hatred) to the throne, led him to ask permission to travel. He visited England, where he was made a member of the Royal Society; thence he proceeded to Germany, where he served as a volunteer during the Seven Years' War; and during the peace, took up his residence at Vienna, where he was well received at court. Being deprived of his territorial possessions in Portugal by the reigning sovereign, he was forced to absent himself from his native country for eighteen years; visiting, during that period, France, Italy, Switzerland, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and Egypt, besides the northern states of Europe. The accession of Maria I. to the throne of Portugal was the signal for his return home. On his arrival at Lisbon he established the Royal Academy of Sciences in that city, and after filling some offices of state, he retired from public life in 1801, from which time until his death, in 1806, he devoted himself to the promotion of literature and science. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAGELONGNE, (Christopher Bernard de,) descended from a family long distinguished both in literature and arms, was born in Paris. in 1688. His genius, which strongly inclined him to metaphysical studies, recommended him, while yet in early life, to the notice of Malebranche, who took much delight in his conversation, and conceived a warm attachment for him. In 1711 he was elected by the Academy of Sciences, and in the same year presented his Mémoire sur la Quadrature des Courbes. In 1728 he was appointed assistantlibrarian. In the years 1730 and 1731 respectively, he put forth the first and second parts of his principal work, Examen des Lignes du Quatrième Ordre. This, unfortunately, he did not live to finish. His studies were not confined to geometry: he was not only a skilful linguist, but an ardent student of history, and was engaged in the composition of an account of the emperors of Rome, in which he had made considerable progress, when he was cut off suddenly in February 1744. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAHE, (Tycho,) an illustrious Danish

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