study, and a vigorous intellect, soon enabled him to overcome the difficulties he had to contend with, and he applied himself successfully to the profession of an advocate. This pursuit proving prejudicial to his health, he relinquished it for the study of polite literature and of antiquities, to which his energetic mind soon added that of botany and mineralogy. He wrote:-1. Annuaire Statistique et Archéologique du Jura. 2. Mélanges Littéraires, 1814. 3. Dissertation sur une Mosaïque découverte près de la Ville de Poligny, 1815. 4. Essai sur les Effêts réels de la Musique chez les Anciens et les Modernes, 1815. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BRUANT, (Liberal,) a French architect, who lived about the middle of the seventeenth century, and was architect to the king and the Academy of Arts. The life of an artist seldom presents incidents of striking historical interest. Immersed in the occupations of his study, his sphere of action is rarely connected with the stirring political or warlike events of the day, but is passed in the quiet repose of pursuits more allied to the calm contemplative retirement of private life. Hence we frequently find a blank in the records of the domestic scenes, the studies and the feelings of the artist, and know him only in the silent yet eloquent testimony of the productions of his intellect. We know nothing of the personal history of Liberal Bruant, and the Hôtel des Invalides is the only incontestable monument of his talents; but it must be allowed to be a noble evidence of the patriotism and gratitude of the founder, and of the ability of the architect. The central court is above 300 feet long, and 180 feet wide, surrounded by two rows of arcades, one over the other, extremely simple in design, but certainly presenting a very noble and imposing effect, to which we have nothing to compare in this country. The general arrangement of the plan is well conceived, and the various communications from one part to another ably managed. The elevation, however, of the principal front is wanting in dignity, although of vast extent. The cupola over the chapel, which is the most splendid feature of the whole composition, is due to the genius of Mansard. As a whole, our Greenwich Hospital presents more richness, and our Chelsea Hospital more skill, in the general arrangement; and, did space allow, a parallel might be usefully instituted between them and the

Invalides, as they have all the same destination.

BRUCEUS, (Henry,) a Dutch physician, born at Alost in 1531, studied at the college of Ghent, and afterwards at Paris, Bruges, and in Italy. He taught medicine at Rome, whence he departed to Bologna, where he was received as a doctor of medicine. Here he resided for seven years; and upon his return to his native place, he was made physician to, and magistrate of, the city. He was, however, soon compelled to quit Holland, having embraced the principles of the Reformation; and he occupied a chair of mathematics at Rostoch, offered to him by the duke of Mecklenburgh. He performed the duties of his professorship for twenty-five years, when he died, Jan. 4, 1593, having published, Propositiones de Morbo Gallico, Rostoch, 1569, 8vo; De Scorbuto, ib. 1589, 1591, 8vo; Epistolæ de Variis Rebus et Argumentis Medicis, Francof. 1611, 8vo, edited by H. Smet.

BRUCCIOLI, or BRUCIOLI, (Antonio,) a celebrated Florentine writer, who flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century. Having from his infancy shown a great inclination for study, he was soon admitted to the Literary Society of Rucellai, but having taken a part in the conspiracy against cardinal Giulio de Medici, who then governed Florence, he was, in 1522, obliged to seek an asylum in France, where he continued to obtain the protection of Maximilian Sforzæ, duke of Milan, then a prisoner in that kingdom; and was by him sent to Germany on some important mission. At the death of Adrian VII., cardinal Medici having been elected pope under the name of Clement VII., and being besieged in the castle of S. Angelo by the army of Charles V., the Florentines expelled the De Medici, and Bruccioli, in 1523, with the rest of the exiles, returned to Florence. But the new opinions which he had imbibed in Germany and France, and the freedom with which he spoke of the clergy, the monks, and indeed of the whole Roman church, soon exposed him to the suspicion of being well affected to the doctrines of Luther. He was arrested, and would have met with an ignominious death, had it not been for the influence of his friends, who succeeded in having the punishment commuted to an exile of two years. He then settled at Venice, with his brothers, who were printers, by whom, as well as by Gabriel Ferrari, most of his works have been printed.

The time of his death is not known; he was still alive in Venice in 1554, when he wrote the oration for the creation of the doge Francesco Vemero; and it is also certain that notwithstanding the persecution to which he was exposed on the part of the clergy, he was not in very bad odour at Rome; for it is on record that he was sent there by the Venetians to invite Michelangelo Buonarotti to come and reside at Venice, with a stipend of 600 scudi, solely that they might have the honour of possessing amongst them so illustrious a professor of painting, sculpture, and architecture. The works of Bruccioli are numerous. Mazzuchelli gives a most minute catalogue of them, and of their several editions. The greatest part of them consist in translations of the separate parts of the Sacred Scriptures, the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles, of the Psalms, the Ecclesiastes, with Commentaries and Annotations. The most celebrated, however, is the Biblia tradotta in Lingua Toscana, first published at Venice in 1532, and dedicated to Francis I. king of France, who took no notice of it. It passed afterwards through several editions, with the addition of the books of Esdras, Daniel, Esther, and the third book of Maccabees, in 3 vols, fol. in 1540, with a Commentary. It is the most esteemed, and the most scarce; but like the preceding, and even those that succeeded it, equally full of errors. Bruc cioli says that he has made all his translations from the original Hebrew; but the fact is, that he knew very little of the language, and made use of the Latin translation of Sante Pagnini, whose style is very confused and obscure, and he has therefore often misunderstood many of his phrases and expressions, without mentioning the still greater errors of his Commentaries, which he published separately, in 7 vols, upon every part of the Old and New Testament. The other works of Bruccioli are also Italian translations of Pliny's Natural History; the Rhetoric, the Republic, and the Physic of Aristotle; the works of Cicero; an edition of Petrarca and Boccaccio; besides two books of Dialogues, one facetious, another philosophical, Letters, &c. BRUCE, BRUIS, or BRUS, (Robert le,) a knight of Normandy, greatly valued by William the Conqueror for his important services, and rewarded by him with no fewer than forty-three lordships in the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire, and fifty-one in the North Riding,

where the castle of Skelton was the capital of the barony. He was commissioned by William to reduce to the subjection of the crown the northern parts of this realm. His son, Robert le Bruce, the second lord of Skelton, was for some time in the confidence of David I., king of Scotland, from whom he obtained the lordship of Annandale; but in the famous Battle of the Standard, in 1138, he fought on the English side, and took his own son, Robert le Brus, a youth of fourteen years of age, prisoner. He was distinguished for his piety, and built the monastery of Gysburne, or Gisborough, in Cleveland.

BRUCE, (Robert,) a descendant in the ninth degree from the preceding. His grandfather, Robert de Brus, the seventh lord of Annandale, was constituted sheriff of Cumberland, and constable of the castle of Carlisle; and in 1264, with Comyn and Baliol, he led the Scottish auxiliaries to the assistance of Henry III., at the battle of Lewes. His father, also, was a great favourite of Edward I., whom he accompanied to Palestine in 1269; and in 1271 he married Margaret, countess of Carrick, in whose right he became earl of Carrick, and by whom he had twelve children, of whom Robert was the eldest. On the death of Alexander III., king of Scotland, when his grandfather disputed with John Baliol the title to the vacant throne, Edward I. being appointed umpire, gave his decision in favour of the latter. Whereupon the father and grandfather of Robert resigned their titles to him. In the subsequent designs of Edward against the Scottish independence, Bruce affected unshaken loyalty to the English crown; but believing at a later period that his hopes of the throne were likely to be accomplished, he formed a coalition with his great rival, Comyn, who revealed his designs to Edward. Bruce, on discovering the treachery of Comyn, hastened from London to Dumfries, and slew him in the convent of the Minorite friars: he then repaired with all possible expedition to Scone, and was there crowned king of the Scots, on the 27th of March, 1306. Edward, on hearing of these proceedings, prepared to avenge the insult, and Bruce withdrew with a few followers to the island of Rathlin, on the north coast of Ireland. He soon returned, and after exhibiting prodigies of valour in his contests with the earl of Pembroke, and with Monthermur, in which he was successful, he advanced into England, and having routed the forces of Edward, returned to

Scotland for the purpose of recapturing the fortresses that were still in the hands of the English. In his efforts to recover the important castle of Stirling he fought the far-famed battle of Bannockburn, in 1314, when he gained a signal victory. In 1328 his right to the crown was formally recognised by the English parliament, peace was made between the two kingdoms, and a marriage was brought about between Johanna, the sister of the king of England, and David, the son and heir of the Scottish king. Bruce died shortly after, on the 7th of June, 1829, at a castle at Cardross, on the northern shore of the Firth of Clyde, and was buried in the abbey of Dunfermline.

BRUCE, (Michael,) an ingenious Scotch poet, the plaintive elegance of whose compositions is well known, born at Kinnesswood, in the county of Kinross, in 1746. His parents were in narrow circumstances, but designed him for the ministry, and struggled with much earnestness to secure for him the advantages of a good education. On his coming to Edinburgh, he made the acquaintance of the Rev. John Logan, whose friendship lasted during life. He soon, however, became the victim of a morbid melancholy, which, preying upon a constitution naturally delicate, brought on such ill health as unfitted him for the duty of a schoolmaster; an occupation by which he endeavoured to maintain himself at Forrest Mill, near Alloas. In 1766, while suffering under much mental depression, he wrote his well-known Elegy; and his death occurred not long after. His poems were published in 1767, by Mr. Logan; and at a later period by Drs. Anderson and Baird.

BRUCE, (Sir Edward, Lord,) descended from the ancient and royal family of that name in Scotland, was born in 1551. He was constantly employed in the service of James VI., king of Scotland, and was mainly instrumental in effecting the unobstructed elevation of that monarch to the English throne. He died in 1613.

BRUCE, (Peter Henry,) a distinguished officer, descended from a Scotch family, which, at the time of the Commonwealth, was attached to the service of the elector of Brandenburg, was born in Westphalia, in 1692. He served in the Flemish campaign under prince Eugene, in 1706. In 1711 he passed into the Russian service, and acted in a diplomatic capacity at Constantinople. In 1722 he quitted the Russian service and returned to Scotland;

and in 1740 he was commissioned to superintend the repairs and enlargement of the various fortifications in the American colonies. He died on his return to Scotland, in 1757. After his death were published, Memoirs of P. H. Bruce, containing an Account of his Travels in Germany, Russia, Tartary, Turkey, and the New Indies, London, 1782, 4to. This interesting work was translated into German, and published at Leipsic, 1784.

BRUCE, (Edward,) the editor of a beautiful edition of such Latin authors as have written upon the chase, entitled, Poetæ Latini Rei Venaticæ Scriptores et Bucolici Antiqui, videlicet Gratii Falisci, atque Aur. Olymp. Nemesiani Cynegeticon, Haleuticon, et de Aucupio, cum Notis integris Casp. Barthii, Jani Vlitii, Th. Johnson, Ed. Brucei, &c., Leyden, 1728, 4to. This edition has been erroneously ascribed to Kempfer. (Biog. Univ.)

BRUCE, (James,) an enlightened and enterprising traveller, descended, on the female side, from the royal house of Bruce, was born at the family residence of Kinnaird, in the county of Stirling, Dec. 14, 1730. He was sent, when eight years of age, to London, to reside with William Hamilton, esq., his uncle, a barrister, with whom he remained till 1742, when he was placed at Harrow, where he made great proficiency in classical learning. He left Harrow in May, 1746, and lived about a year in the academy of a Mr. Gordon, where he studied the classics, French, arithmetic, and geometry. He then returned to Scotland, in order to commence a course of study at the university of Edinburgh, with a view to the profession of the law; but it does not appear that he made much progress, or, indeed, had much inclination for this pursuit; and the precarious state of his health at this time rendered close application prejudicial. But while he resided in the country, he followed with ardour the sports of the field, for which he had always a keen relish, and in which he greatly excelled. In 1753, being then considerably above the age at which persons are enrolled as writers in the service of the East India company, a destination to which he now looked forward, his friends advised him to petition the court of Directors for the liberty of settling as a free trader under its patronage; and, accordingly, he left Scotland in July, 1753, with a view to prosecute this design: but he was prevented from carrying it into execution by forming a connexion with an amiable young lady, Miss Allan,

daughter of the widow of a wine-merchant in London, whom he married in the beginning of the following year. He now entered into partnership in the winebusiness, which, as well as his marriage, was approved of by his father; but his prospects in this new situation were soon clouded. A few months after their marriage, Mrs. Bruce exhibited evident symptoms of consumption, and being recommended by her physicians to try the effects of a milder climate, she died at Paris, in October, on her way to the south of France. During the three years that followed the death of his wife, he sought in vain to soothe his affliction by the study of the languages, especially of Arabic and Ethiopic, and by an earnest cultivation of a taste for drawing and design. Availing himself, therefore, of the opportunity which his connexion with the wine-trade afforded him, he, in 1757, made a journey through Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands. He landed on the 5th of July at Corunna, whence he proceeded to Ferrol, Oporto, and Lisbon. After travelling in Portugal for nearly four months, he re-entered Spain, passed through Toledo, and made an excursion over the mountains into the province of New Castile. Having advanced beyond the Sierra-Morena, he traversed the districts of Cordova and Seville, and about the middle of November reached Madrid. In this rapid journey, he seems to have considerably improved his knowledge of the Spanish language, and to have made several attentive and judicious observations. His character, which had hitherto been concealed by various untoward circumstances, now began to appear in its real colours. The traces of oriental manners visible in the south of Spain, the ruined palaces of the khalifs, and the tales of romantic chivalry interwoven with the Moorish wars, suggested to him the idea that an inquiry into the history of Spain during the eight centuries in which it was possessed by the Arabs, would elucidate many of the obscure causes which had obstructed the prosperity of that country. Two large and unexplored collections of Arabic manuscripts belonging to the Spanish crown, were lying buried in the monastery of St. Lawrence, and in the library of the Escurial; and though Bruce was as yet but little acquainted with the Arabic language, he felt a strong ambition to trace, through this tedious labyrinth, the Moorish history of the country. On reaching Madrid, he procured an introduction to

Don Ricardo Wall, minister to his catholic majesty, a gentleman of British extraction and superior abilities, and from him he earnestly solicited assistance in the researches which he desired to make in Arabic literature. Mr. Wall frankly told Bruce, that the jealousy with which the Spaniards concealed their records and history from every intelligent foreigner, obstructed all access to the library of the Escurial. After having made many observations on the several places in Spain which he visited, on Christmas-day, 1757, he arrived at Pampeluna, on his way to France.

Having crossed the Pyrenees, he went to Bordeaux, where, delighted with the cheerful vivacity of French society, he remained several months among friends and some relations who were residing there. From Bordeaux he travelled through France to Strasburg; then, following the course of the Rhine, to its confluence with the Maine, he visited Frankfort. Returning to the valley of the Rhine, he travelled to Cologne, from whence he proceeded to Brussels. On the second day after his arrival, he happened to be in the company of a young man, a perfect stranger to him, who was rudely insulted. Bruce foolishly remonstrated with the aggressor, who sent him a challenge, which he accepted. They met; Bruce wounded his antagonist twice, and, in consequence, left Brussels immediately for Holland, whence, proceeding towards Hanover, he arrived in time to see the battle of Crevelt. This was the first military operation which Bruce had ever witnessed.

In 1758, his father died, and Bruce returned to England, to succeed to the family estate, with an income now considerably increased by the establishment of the Carron iron-works in its neighbourhood, his property partly consisting of coal-mines, which were required by that company for the smelting of their iron. In 1761, he dissolved his partnership in the wine-trade.

A circumstance now happened, which forms the leading feature in the singular history of Bruce's life. During the few days which he had spent at Ferrol, a report was circulated that the court of Spain was about to engage in war with Great Britain. On considering the means of defence which the place possessed, it had appeared to Bruce that an attack upon it by a British squadron could not fail to be successful; and that in case of a war with Spain, it was the point at

which that country ought to be invaded. On his return to England, Bruce boldly resolved to submit his project to Mr. Pitt, afterwards lord Chatham. He accordingly fully explained to his friend, Mr. Wood, then under-secretary of state, the circumstances on which he had formed his opinion; he concluded by saying, that in case a war with Spain should be resolved on by the ministry, if the king would entrust him in a single boat with a pair of colours, he would plant them with his own hand on the beach at Ferrol. Bruce was sent for by Mr. Pitt, with whom he had the honour of conversing on the subject; and, at his suggestion, he drew up a memorandum of his project. In a few weeks afterwards, however, the minister resigned.

This disappointment was sensibly felt. Shortly after, however, Bruce was informed by Mr. Wood that the memorandum he had addressed to Mr. Pitt had been laid before the king, and had been strongly recommended by lord Halifax. The earl of Egremont and Mr. Grenville had several meetings with Bruce to concert an expedition against Ferrol, the execution of which was to be entrusted to lord Howe; but, at the earnest request of the Portuguese ambassador, the project was suddenly abandoned, and, on the death of lord Egremont, Bruce's expectations again vanished.

Disappointed in his offer of public service, he retired to his estate in Scotland; but he was shortly again called to London by lord Halifax, who, appreciating Bruce's character, observed to him, that being in the vigour of life, health, and activity, it would be ignoble to bury himself in obscurity, while the coast of Barbary had been but partially explored by Dr. Shaw, who had not pretended to give to the public any details of the magnificent remains of ruined architecture which he, as well as Sanson, had professed to have seen all over the country. Lord Halifax, therefore, expressed a wish that Bruce should be the first, in the reign just beginning, to set an example of making large additions to the royal collection; he pledged himself to be Bruce's supporter and patron, and to make good to him the promises which he had received from former ministers. The discovery of the source of the Nile was also a subject of their conversation; and although it was merely mentioned as a feat to be performed only by a more experienced traveller, yet Bruce always declared that it was at that instant of his life that his

heart suggested to him, "that this great discovery should either," as he says, "be achieved by me, or remain, as it had done for the last two thousand years, a defiance to all travellers, and an opprobrium to geography."

Fortune seemed to favour his scheme. The consulship of Algiers had just become vacant; and lord Halifax pressed Bruce to accept it, as being convenient for making the proposed expedition. "This favourable event," says Bruce, finally determined me. I had all my life applied unweariedly, perhaps with more love than talent, to drawing, the practice of mathematics, and especially that part necessary to astronomy. The transit of Venus was at hand. It was certainly known that it would be visible once at Algiers, and there was great reason to expect that it might be twice. I had furnished myself with a large apparatus of instruments, the completest of their kind, for the observation. In the choice of these I had been assisted by my friend admiral Campbell, and Mr. Russell, secretary to the Turkish Company. Every other necessary had been provided in proportion. It was a pleasure now to know, that it was not from a rock or a wood, but from my own house at Algiers, I could deliberately take measures to place myself in the list of men of science of all nations, who were then preparing for the same scientific attempt."

Delighted with prospects so congenial to his disposition, at the age of thirtytwo, Bruce sailed from England in June, 1762, and proceeded through France to Italy, where he spent several months improving himself in the study of drawing and of antiquities. At Rome he made the acquaintance of Mr. Lumisden, the author of Roman Antiquities. While at Naples he went to Pæstum, and made sketches of the temples, which he caused to be engraved, and intended to publish with illustrations; but we find him afterwards complaining to his friend, Mr. Strange, that some one had obtained access to the engravings at Paris, had copied them, and published them in London by subscription. In March, 1763, he finally left Italy for Algiers, where he remained about two years; during which period he seems to have supported with spirit and firmness the interests and the dignity of his country, though in so doing he was not always countenanced as he expected by the ministry at home. During his stay at Algiers he learned

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