was appointed tutor to Campeggi's children; and therefore the year 1425 was the second time, when, at the instigation of Reginaldo Polo, afterwards cardinal, he visited Rome, where he resumed his lectures on belles-lettres at the college Della Sapienza, and could scarcely save his life, with the loss of all his books and MSS., during the terrible pillage by the army of Charles V. in 1527. He then returned to Padua, and in 1530 was, by the Venetian government, appointed professor of the Latin and Greek languages in that university, with the stipend of 300 florins, and the freedom of the city, which enabled him to marry Caterina Tamagnini. The great reputation which he acquired in the performance of his office was such, that, two years after, the university materially increased his stipend to induce him to withstand the generous offers with which he was tempted to leave his situation by the university of Bologna; by Pope Clement VII., who went so far as to open a negotiation with the Venetian government; by the grand duke Cosimo I.; by Ferdinand, brother to Charles V., king of Hungary; by cardinal Sodoleto; by cardinal Osio, who, not having been able to induce him to go to Poland, returned himself to Italy, accompanied by several young noblemen, who were placed under his tuition. Buonamici refused all these offers; the credit which he enjoyed, and the pension he received from the government, seemed to have satisfied his ambition. He died in 1552, and was carried to the church of St. Antonio, (where he was buried,) on the shoulders of his pupils.

Buonamici owes the name and credit he enjoyed more to the reputation of his acquirements than to any work he published, though he had often promised many. From the MSS. which he left, and from the few which were afterwards printed, there is reason to suppose, with Mazzuchelli, that, as he had been a very severe censor of the works of others, he would not expose himself to the danger of being criticised in turn. It is a fact, that Erasmus often challenged him to come forward, and that some pupil of Sigonio attached to the pulpit where he read his lectures, the motto "Lazare veni foras;" and it is equally certain that the works which have reached us, both in prose and in poetry, though written with elegance, do not come up to the opinion he had of his acquirements; though he often said that he preferred speaking like Cicero, to being a Pope; for which reason he abused the Italian

style and language to defend the Latin; and wrote a curious work, entitled, Concetti della Lingua Italiana, &c. Venezia, 1562. He wrote, besides, Carmina, Orationes, et Epistolæ, all printed in different collections.

BUONAMICI, (Giuseppe Maria,) better known by the name of Castruccio, was born in 1710, at Lucca, of an ancient family. Having received his first education at the college of Lucca, he was sent to Pisa, and thence to Padua, to complete his studies; and every where gave proofs of the power of his mind, and his attachment to literature and poetry, by several compositions, both in Latin and Italian, which have been published in different collections. In the hope of improving his condition, he entered the church, and went to Rome at the beginning of the pontificate of Clement XII., and refused the offer of cardinal Polignac, to whom he had dedicated a Latin oration, and an elegant poem, to take him to France. Being disappointed in his hopes, he left the church, entered the army of Charles III., then king of Naples, and urged on by the desire of emulating Castruccio and Castracani, his ancient countrymen, dropped his own name of Giuseppe Maria, and assumed that of Castruccio. In the war which ensued in 1744 between Charles and the emperor about the Spanish succession, Castruccio distinguished himself, was present at the battle of Velletri, and, in 1746, published at Lucca its history, under the title of De Rebus ad Velitras Gestis Commentarius ad Trojanum Aragonium S. R. E. Principem Cardinalem, &c. Lugduni Batavorum, 4to. For this he obtained in recompense from the king the office of extraordinary commissary of artillery, and of treasurer of the city of Barletta, to each of which a good pension was attached; this encouraged him to on with his history de Bello Italico, which he published afterwards, under the title De Bello Italico Commentarii, in 1750-54, at Genoa, in three commentaries, the first of which he dedicated to Charles; the second to Philip of Borbone, duke of Parma, who honoured him and his descendants with the title of count; and the third to the Republic of Genoa, who also rewarded him with presents, the order of Malta, and likewise bestowed on him the honour of a cross of devotion, with a pension-due rewards to the merit of the work, which is still considered as the best Latin history of those wars. He died at Lucca in 1767.

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Castruccio had an elder brother, of the name of Filippo, born also at Lucca, not in 1705, as the Biog. Univ. asserts, but in 1708, who was employed by Colloredo, archbishop of Lucca, to write the acts of his synod; and afterwards by Benedict XIV., substituted in the office of secretary of the Apostolical Briefs to Luchesini, whose funeral oration he preached, as well as that of Clement himself, who died in 1775. He was afterwards delegated by his republic to transact some important affairs with the Holy See, and died a few years after, in 1780. His most important work is the De Claris Pontificiarum Epistolarum Scriptoribus, Romæ, 1753, dedicated to pope Benedict XIV. In 1776, he also published the life of Innocent XI., which displeased the Jesuits, for the favourable manner in which he speaks of Jansenism. The above, and all the rest of his works, together with all those of his brother Castruccio, were published at Lucca in 1789, in 4 vols, 4to, under the title of Philippi and Castrucci Fratrum Bonamicorum Lucensum Opera Omnia.

BUONCONSIGLI, (Giovanni,) a painter of the Venetian school, was born at Vicenza, about the year 1460. He imitated the style of Bellini, and, at the same time, followed the precepts of the schools of Padua and Verona. There is a picture of his of great merit, the Virgin attended by four Saints, and a St. Sebastian, of exquisite proportion and rare beauty.

BUONAPARTE, (Napoleon,) was born at Ajaccio, in the island of Corsica, on the 15th of August, 1769, and was the second son of Carlo Buonaparte, and of his wife, Letizia Ramolini. His name appears in the registry of his birth, Bonaparte, but this mode of spelling was not adopted by his father, nor by the family in former times. It appears that the family was settled in Tuscany, and that some members of it were authors. Nicolo Buonaparte, of San Miniato, wrote La Vedova, a comedy, published at Florence 1568, and 1592. Jacobo Buonaparte also wrote Ragguaglio Storico del Sacco di Roma dell' anno 1527. The immediate ancestors of Napoleon were settled in Corsica for several generations, and ranked amongst the cittadini, who were afterwards adopted into the nobility. His father was educated at Pisa, for the profession of the law, and on his return home married, as is said, without the consent of his parents. He joined general Paoli in his efforts to maintain

the independence of the island against the French, and served throughout that disastrous war, accompanied by his young and beautiful wife, who remained with him, although she had been offered a secure asylum by one of her uncles, who was a member of the superior council of state in the French interest. He afterwards acted as a member of a deputation of the nobles of the island to Louis XVI., and became assessor to the judicial court of Ajaccio. In 1785 he went to Montpellier, to consult the faculty respecting his declining health, and died there of an ulcer of the stomach, on the 24th of February. From a litigation in which he was involved with the Jesuits respecting an estate which had been left to the family, and also from several losses incurred in attempting the drainage of salt marshes, his means of providing for his children were exceedingly straitened. Of thirteen, eight survived, five sons and three daughters. By the interest of Count Marbœuf, Napoleon was placed as a king's pensioner at the Royal Military School of Brienne le Chateau, at the age of nine years and eight months. From Bourienne, who was his schoolfellow, and of the same age, we derive the most authentic and interesting account of his school-boy days. From his first entrance at school, he manifested an eager desire for the acquisition of knowledge. To Latin he had an unconquerable aversion; but in mathematics he was the ablest of the whole school. He was remarkable for the tone of his conversation, with both masters and companions. He had a quick and searching look, and a degree of bitterness in his remarks. averse to forming particular attachments, and, generally speaking, was no favourite with his comrades, with whom he associated very little, and rarely joined in their sports. During play-hours he was observed to occupy himself in reading with great eagerness historical works, especially Polybius and Plutarch. The temper of the youthful Corsican was frequently soured by the railleries of the students, who ridiculed him on account of his country, the subjugation of which to France he felt most deeply. Although he had little cause to praise his fellowstudents, as respected their conduct towards himself, he yet disdained to prefer complaints against them; and even when it became his duty to see that the rules were not transgressed, he notwithstanding preferred to go into confinement,

He was

rather than denounce his companions. Bourienne relates the following anecdote, which has been strangely misrepresented by the lovers of the marvellous. During the winter of 1783-84, when a heavy fall of snow took place, and the boys were confined to the house, he was constrained during the play-hours to mingle with his companions, and to walk with them backwards and forwards in a large hall. In order to escape from this tiresome exercise, he contrived to stir up the whole school by the proposal of a new amusement. This was, to clear various passages through the snow in the great court, and with it to erect fortifications. He divided them into parties, and, as the inventor of this new sport, undertook to direct the attacks. In consequence of the report of the inspector, he was in 1784 transferred to the Military Academy at Paris, being then above fifteen years of age. He here found himself subjected to expenses beyond the value of the instruction received, and at once addressed a memorial to the sub-principal on the subject, in which he states, that the royal pensioners being all gentlemen in reduced circumstances, instead of having their minds improved, could derive nothing therefrom, save a love of ostentation, and sentiments of conceit and vanity; so that on rejoining the domestic circle, far from relishing the frugal gentility of their home, they will feel inclined to blush for the very authors of their being, and despise their modest mansions. He subsequently carried those views into effect in his imperial institutions for military education. His decided manner of expressing his opinions, and the keenness of his observations, appear to have annoyed his superiors, and to have shortened, in his case, the time usually spent at the college. He was soon granted an examination for the appointment of second lieutenant of artillery. The regiment in which he was placed (1785) was that of La Fère, and soon afterwards he was promoted to a first lieutenancy in the artillery regiment of Grenoble, quartered at Valence. At this time his father's death took place, and owing to the indigent circumstances in which the family was left, his elder brother, Joseph, after receiving his education at the college of Autun, in Burgundy, returned to Corsica. Some assistance is thought to have been derived from a rich relative, the archdeacon Lucien, of Ajaccio, who was their father's uncle; for Napoleon, while at Valence with his

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He was at Paris in April 1792, apparently unemployed, or at least unattached, while the army was undergoing a new organization. Here he met Bourienne, with whom his ancient friendship yet remained undiminished. On the 20th June, while in a coffee-room, Rue St. Honoré, near the Palais Royal, they saw a mob of about six thousand passing on to the Tuileries, and by gaining the terrace before them, were enabled to see much of what occurred. He evinced the utmost surprise and indignation at the forbearance with which they were treated; and when the king showed himself at one of the windows, with the red cap which had been placed upon his head, he was unable to restrain himself, and exclaimed aloud, "What madness! How could they allow those scoundrels to enter? They ought to have blown four or five hundred of them into the air with cannon, the rest would then have taken to their heels.' After witnessing the attack on the Tuileries of the 10th of August, he left Paris, and rejoined his family in Corsica. The chief authority in the island, under the French government, was vested in general Paoli, and Buonaparte was appointed by him to the temporary command of a battalion of the national guards. Attempts had been made by the Jacobin party to establish a republic, which Paoli, who was attached to the constitutional monarchy, endea

voured to repress. In January, 1793, an attack having been made upon the island of Sardinia, by a French fleet under admiral Truguet, Buonaparte, with his battalion, was ordered to co ́operate, by taking possession of some small islands on the northern coast of Sardinia. This he accomplished, but when Truguet's fleet was repulsed at Cagliari, he returned to Corsica. Paoli having renounced the authority of the convention, the French troops, under Lacombe, St. Michel, and Saliceti, opposed him; Buonaparte joined them, and was sent with a detachment to attack Ajaccio, which had been occupied by Paoli's party. This enterprize, however, having proved unsuccessful, he was obliged to return to Bastia, and Paoli, with the assistance afforded by an English fleet, was enabled to force the republican party to quit the island. Buonaparte, accompanied by his mother and sisters, left Corsica in May, 1793, and placed them at Marseilles. During his residence in that city, he wrote a political pamphlet, entitled, Le Souper de Beaucaire, which was afterwards carefully suppressed; it is in the form of a dialogue, and exhibits a perfect knowledge of the state of parties, with much vigour and liveliness of style. In many of the remarks, also, we may perceive the germs of those plans which he afterwards carried into effect with such complete success; as masking, not besieging, fortified places, marching without baggage, concentrating masses upon a given point, and, what was then quite original, using eight, and even four pounders in cases where guns of the heaviest calibre alone had been applied. In September 1793, he was sent, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel of artillery, to join the army then besieging Toulon, which was defended by the royalists and the English, under general O'Hara. He found the artillery disposed without any judgment; and when he endeavoured to prevail with Cartaux, the republican general, he found him ignorant of the simplest principles on which batteries should be constructed. Fortunately, another officer from the convention arrived, who perceived the force of Buonaparte's propositions. A council of war was called, and he was able to convince them, that although the orders of the convention were to take possession of the town, yet that this object could only be accomplished by first carrying the outer works which commanded the harbour. Under the command of Dugommier, who

succeeded as general-in-chief, he was allowed to follow up his plans. He constructed his batteries with such effect, that the works commanding the harbour were taken possession of, but not without a sharp resistance, in which he received a bayonet wound, and general O'Hara was taken prisoner. The success, however, was complete; the English were no longer in a condition to retain the place, and Lord Hood's fleet sailed out of the harbour, accompanied by some Spanish and Neapolitan vessels, and by about 14,000 of the inhabitants, who were glad to escape on any terms from the cruelties they had to expect, after the enurmities lately committed at Lyons. The few who remained, amounting to about four hundred, of those who had taken any part in the proceedings in favour of the royal cause, were collected in the square, and exterminated by grape shot. Buonaparte and the regular troops appear not to have been implicated in this massacre, which he subsequently stated was perpetrated by the revolutionary army, the sans culottes of Paris, and other towns. The reputation of Buonaparte as an artillery officer was now established, and on the recommendation of general Dugommier, he was, in February 1794, elevated to the rank of brigadier-general of artillery, and deputed to inspect the fortifications along the southern coasts. He joined the army which was engaged against the Piedmontese troops, and distinguished himself in the capture of Saorgio, Oneille, and Tanaro. The campaign was soon terminated, and the services of Buonaparte were now called upon in a new department; a circumstance which, while it proved the high value set on his abilities, showed at the same time the precarious tenure by which either life or liberty was held under the revolutionary government. He was directed, on the 13th July, 1794, by the representatives attached to the army of Italy, " to proceed to Genoa, in order, conjointly with the ambassador of the French republic, to confer with the government of Genoa as his instructions bear;" the ambassador having been directed to acknowledge him, and to cause him to be acknowledged by the government of Genoa. There were also added secret instructions, "that he should observe the state of the works and military stores of the fortresses of Genoa and Savona, and the condition of the surrounding country in both places." He was directed also, "as far as possible, to unravel the conduct of the French

minister Tilly, and the intentions of the Genoese respecting the coalition." Thus accredited, he went to Genoa, executed his commission there, and had returned to head-quarters, when, on the 6th of August, he was arrested by the deputies, Albitte, Salicetti, and Laporte. The cause of this proceeding has always remained in obscurity; and Buonaparte, even when at St. Helena, professed to be ignorant of it. He lost no time in forwarding a memorial, in which he boldly protested against being thus condemned unheard. This appeal appears to have produced the desired effect, for in fourteen days from the date of his arrest they passed a counter-order, commanding him to be restored provisionally to liberty, and to remain at head-quarters until further instructions from the committee of public safety. It appears that he was never subsequently molested on the grounds of this arrest. After the close of the war of 1794 he returned to Paris, where Bourienne found him indulging in hopes no less from his Supper of Beaucaire than from his first successes at Toulon and in the Italian army. It was proposed by the government to send him to assist in repressing the insurrection in La Vendée, not in the artillery service, but as brigadier-general of infantry. Whether he considered this as a field unworthy of his high reputation, or disliked the transfer from his favourite department of service, or whether actuated by both motives, is uncertain, but it is evident that his resignation was promptly accepted, from the following resolution, dated the 15th September, 1794. "The Committee of Public Safety decrees that general Buonaparte shall be erased from the list of general officers employed, in consequence of his refusing to repair to the station to which he had been appointed." He stated at St. Helena that he sent in his resignation: this resolution proves the contrary; a fact too revolting to his pride to be ever openly acknowledged.

Upon this reverse his activity had no employment, except in forming plans for the future. He lodged in the Rue de Mail, near the Place des Victoires, and frequently came to dine and pass the evening with Bourienne and his brother, never failing to render these hours agreeable by his engaging manners, and the charms of his conversation." He often exhibited gloominess and disappointment, and was evidently deeply mortified at the life of obscurity to which he was condemned. At this time

he formed a project that he should be sent to Turkey, ostensibly on an official mission, but in reality to introduce to that power the knowledge of artillery tactics and fortification, so as to enable her to act as a counterpoise to the mighty dominion of Russia. The memorial which he presented on this subject was never answered, and the author remained without occupation.

In the meantime a great change had taken place in the state of the government. The convention had framed a new constitution, known as that of the year III., but previously. to its own dissolution passed a decree that at least two-thirds of the members of the two legislative councils about to be created should be taken from the members of the actual convention. The department of Paris decidedly refused its consent, and the sections of the city being assembled, protested against this attempt of the convention to perpetuate its own power, and announced their intention no longer to obey the orders of that body. On the other hand, the convention, many of the members of which had taken a share in the atrocities of the Reign of Terror, and were consequently odious to the Parisians, were determined to maintain their decree by force. They had at their disposal about 5,000 regular troops, with a considerable force of artillery and volunteers from the suburbs. Barras, a leading member, and who had been the chief instrument in effecting the overthrow of Robespierre, was appointed commander. He anticipated the insurgents in securing the depots of artillery and ammunition in the neighbourhood of Paris; and recollecting the abilities which Buonaparte had displayed at the siege of Toulon, he proposed to entrust him with the disposition of the troops required for the protection of the convention. His character as an artillery officer was also well known to Carnot, Tallien, and other distinguished members of the convention, and his appointment was unanimously adopted. During the night he anticipated the insurgents by disposing his cannon, loaded with grape-shot, so as to command the quays and all the other avenues through which they must advance. The expected attack took place on the following morning (October 4, 1795,) by several columns, nearly 30,000 in number, animated by the recollection of the victory which had been achieved on the 10th of August, 1792, in the same place, advancing towards the Tuileries