BRAULT, (Louis,) a French dramatic poet, born at Bazoche-Gouet, in 1782. În 1825 he resigned a post which he held under government, and undertook the editorship of the Constitutionel, but died in 1829. He wrote,-Recueil d'Elégies, de Cantates, de Romances. Ode sur le Désastre de la Frégate la Méduse, Paris, 1818. Poésies Politiques et Morales, ib. 1826. Christine de Suède, a tragedy. BRAUN, (George,) an ecclesiastic of the seventeenth century, archdeacon of Dortmund, and dean of Notre Dame, at Cologne, whose principal work is Theatrum Urbium Præcipuarum Mundi, published jointly by himself and Francis Hohenberg, 1593-1616, with plates, 6 vols, folio. There was an earlier edition of this work, in 1572, in 2 vols, folio. He died in 1622.

BRAUN, (John,) professor of theology, and of the oriental languages, at Groningen, born at Kaiserslautern, in the Palatinate, in 1628. He studied at Leyden, became pastor of a French Protestant congregation at Nimeguen, and died at Groningen, in 1709. His principal works are, Selecta Sacra, Amsterdam, 1700, 4to. Comment. in Epist. ad Hebræos, ib. 1705. Vestitus Hebræorum Sacerdotum, Leyden, 1680, 2 vols, 8vo, with plates. Another edition of this very learned work was printed at Amsterdam, in 1701, 2 vols, 4to.

BRAUN, (Henry,) a German Benedictine monk, remarkable for his zealous and judicious efforts for the improvement of a system of national education, born at Trossberg, in 1732. He was a professor of poetry and eloquence, and a member of the Academy of Sciences at Munich; and was appointed, in 1777, inspector-general of the institutions for the promotion of education and literature in Bavaria; and effected many beneficial improvements in the system and management of the national schools. All his works have in view the advancement of general education, and are at once useful and unpretending. He died in 1792. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAUN, (Laurence,) a Swedish physician, born at Kalmar, studied medicine at Upsal, but took his degree in Holland. Upon his return to his native country he was appointed physician to the Admiralty, afterwards professor of medicine at Abo, and, in 1699, at Dorpat. He was also physician to the province of Livonia. Towards the close of his life he was made physician to the Admiralty at Carlscrona, and the king of Sweden conferred upon

him letters of nobility, and permitted him to take the name of Braunerskioeld. He published :—Kpnotoλoyía, seu de Temperamentis, Upsal, 1682, 8vo. Dissert. de Esu Sanguinis, ib. 1685, 8vo. Disput. Medic. Abo, 1695, 8vo. De Causis cur Nemo Medicorum Hippocrati sit anteferendus, Dorp. 1699, 4to. Aphorismi Physico-Medici, Lund. 1717, 8vo.

BRAUSER, (Christopher Theophilus,) a physician, born at Ratisbon, Nov. 8, 1731. He attended the lectures of Lewis Michael Dieterich, and then repaired to Göttingen, where he studied for five years under Haller, Richter, Segner, Brendel, and Roederer. He received the degree of M.D. in 1756, returned to Ratisbon, but quitted it upon being appointed physician to the count d'Ortenburg, with whom he remained until 1769, when he returned to his native place, and there died, Nov. 9, 1785. He published:An Lipothymia Venæsectioni semper sine aliquâ probabili Causâ superveniens ab eâ abstinere jubeat, Götting. 1756, 4to. He also put forth an edition of the Versuch einer allgemeinen Vermehrung aller Bäume of George Agricola, Ratisb. 1772, fol.

BRAVO, (John,) a Spanish physician of the sixteenth century, born at PiedraHita, in Castille. He practised at Salamanca with great reputation. He published:-De Hydrophobiæ Naturâ, Causis, atque Medelâ, Salmant. 1571, 8vo; 1576, 4to; 1588, 4to. In Libros Prognosticorum Hippocratis Commentaria, Salmant. 1578, 4to; 1583, 8vo. Pharmacopoeia Salmantica, Salmant. 1581, 8vo. De Saporum et Odorum Differentiis, Causis, et Affectionibus, Salmant. 1583, 8vo; Venet. 1592, 8vo. In Galeni Librum de Differentiis Febrium Commentarius, Salmant. 1585, 4to; 1596, 4to. De Simplicium Medicamentorum Delectu, Salmant.1592, 8vo. De Marsis et Psyllis. De Vini Naturâ.

chosen professor of surgery and medicine in that city. His reputation induced Philip IV. to appoint him one of his physicians. He was also made a member of the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, and physician to that tribunal; and he ultimately became first physician to Philip IV. and Charles II. He wrote:— Resolutiones Medicæ circa universam totius Philosophiæ Doctrinam, Vallad. 1649, fol; Lugd. 1662, fol. Opera Medicinalia, Lugd. 1679, 4 vols, fol.

BRAVO, (John,) a brave Spaniard, born at Segovia, near the close of the fifteenth century; he headed the troops of that city in the insurrection against Charles V., in 1519, but was taken prisoner, and beheaded, along with his companion Padilla.

BRAVO, (Barthelemi,) a learned Spanish Jesuit, born about the middle of the sixteenth century; he was a poet, orator, and grammarian. He published several works, of which the principal are, De Scribendis Epistolis, Burgos, 1601. Commentaria Linguæ Latinæ, Grenada, 1606. Dictionarium Plurimarum Vocum, quæ in Ciceronis Scriptis desiderantur, Pincia, 1627. Thesaurus Verborum et Phrasium, 1606. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAWE, (Joachim William de,) a young German dramatist, born at Weissenfels, in 1738. Having successfully contended, in his eighteenth year, for a dramatic prize, at Berlin, he felt animated to persevere, particularly under the encouragement of Lessing and Weisse, and produced his tragedy of Brutus, which proved very successful. He was cut off by the small-pox, in the nineteenth year of his age.

BRAY, (Sir Reginald,) a statesman, descended from an ancient and noble family. He was born in Worcestershire, towards the middle of the fifteenth century; and was receiver-general to Sir Henry Stafford, who married the celebrated Margaret Beaufort, countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII.; and continued in her service after Sir Henry's death, and was put in trust for her dowry, on her marriage with Thomas earl of Derby. He was also instrumental, in concert with Morton, bishop of Ely, and the duke of Buckingham, in bringing about the marriage of her son with the Princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV. His services were afterwards remembered and rewarded by Henry VII., with whom he continued a great favourite. He was also distinguished for his bravery in the field, and

was made a knight banneret after the battle of Bosworth, according to some, or according to others, after the defeat of the Cornish rebels, commanded by Lord Audley, at Blackheath; when he received, as a reward for his services, the forfeited estates of that earl. At Henry's coronation, he was created a knight of the bath, and afterwards a knight of the garter. In the tenth year of the king's reign, he had a grant for life of the Isle of Wight, the Castle of Carisbrook, and the manor of Swainston, Brixton, Thorley, and Welow, in that island. He received many other marks of favour from his sovereign, whom he served with zeal and fidelity, and even admonished with firmness, whenever Henry's conduct seemed to call for so unquestionable a proof of his devotion to his service. His taste and skill in architecture are attested by those two matchless structures, Henry the VII.'s Chapel at Westminster, and St. George's Chapel at Windsor; in the direction of the building of the former of which, as well as in the finishing of the latter, he had a large share. To the perfection of the chapel of St. George, indeed, he was, in his lifetime, a liberal contributor, and made further provision for that purpose in his will. His arms, crest, and initials, (R. B.), are carved on the ceiling of that edifice in many places; and, in the middle of the south aisle is a spacious chapel, erected by him, and still called by his name; and there, by his own direction, his remains were interred; but no monument marks the spot where they have been deposited. He died in 1503. He was twice inarried, but had no issue. (Biog. Brit. Chalmers.)

BRAY, (Thomas,) a learned and pious divine, born of respectable parents, at Marton, in Shropshire, in 1656. He received the rudiments of his education at the school of Oswestry, where he evinced so strong an inclination for study, that his parents determined to send him to the university, and he was accordingly removed to Hart hall, Oxford, where he took his degree of bachelor of arts, and was soon afterwards ordained. He was first patronized by lord Digby, through whose influence he obtained the vicarage of Over-Whitacre, and the rectory of Sheldon. Here he composed his Catechetical Lectures, a work which soon became popular, and attracted the notice of bishop Compton, who was led by his high opinion of the abilities of the author to select him as his commissary, to settle the church affairs of Maryland.

The mode in which he entered upon this extended field of action showed at once the devotedness of his zeal and the solidity of his judgment. He selected none but such as might be expected to prove useful missionaries; and, in order that they might be the better qualified for their labours, he was careful to provide for them parochial libraries. This judicious plan, of which he deserves to be recorded as the original suggester, was afterwards extended to England and Wales, under the authority of an act of parliament; and it is to Ďr. Bray's exertions that that venerable and most extensively useful association, The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, owes its origin. Having taken these preliminary measures for the furtherance of his important mission, he sailed from England on the 16th December, 1699, and arrived at Maryland on the 12th March following. He remained in America for two years, during which period he devoted himself with untiring energy, in the face of harassing opposition, to the duties of his office. After his return, in 1701, he published his Circular Letters to the Clergy of Maryland, for which he received the thanks of the Society, with the expressed approbation of the bishop of London, and of the archbishop of Canterbury, who declared that he was well satisfied with the reasons assigned by Dr. Bray for his return from the West Indies, and expressed his persuasion that his mission would be of the greatest consequence to the establishment of religion in those parts. In 1706 he accepted the living of St. Botolph, Aldgate, from which time, till his death, he laboured incessantly in works of piety. To the great object, to which the best part of his active life was exclusively devoted, he contributed the whole of his slender fortune, and closed a course of usefulness rarely equalled, in which his high services were honoured with the acknowledgments of his sovereign and of parliament, on the 15th February, 1730, in the seventy-third year of his age. In 1712 he published his Martyrology, or Papal Usurpation, folio. He designed to compile a second volume, and had, with considerable labour and expense, collected materials for it, but was obliged to relinquish the undertaking, and bequeathed his valuable Martyrological Memoirs, both printed and manuscript, to Sion College. In 1726 he published his Directorium Missionarium, and his Primordia Bibliothecaria; he also re

printed the Ecclesiastes of Erasmus. He published, likewise, Proposals for the Encouragement and Promoting of Religion and Learning in the Foreign Plantations, and An Account of the Present State of Maryland. (Biog. Brit. Chalmers.)

In

BRAY, (Francis Gabriel, count de,) a French diplomatist, born at Rouen, in 1765. After studying in his native city, he repaired to Nantes and Paris; and after serving at the bombardment of Algiers, he returned to Paris, and commenced his political career. He was secretary in the office for foreign affairs under Montmorin, and was attached to the French embassy at the diet of Ratisbon. At the breaking out of the revolution, he set out upon his travels in Germany, Switzerland, Holland, and England. Soon after, he entered into the service of the elector of Bavaria, by whom, in 1800, he was charged with a mission to London, and, in the year following, to Berlin, and again, after Buonaparte's invasion of Prussia, to Petersburg, where he was well received at court. 1813 he was commissioned by the elector of Bavaria, now king, to negotiate a coalition between that sovereign and the allied powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, against France. After the battle of Waterloo, he resumed his post at Petersburg, where he remained until 1822, when he was sent as Bavarian ambassador to Paris. He died in 1832. He was a man of literary habits, and devoted to the study of the natural sciences. He published, in 1807, at Berlin and Paris, Voyage aux salines de Saltzbourg et de Reichenhall, et dans une partie du Tyrol et de la Haute-Bavarie.-Essai Critique sur l'Histoire de la Livonie, 1817, 3 vols, 12mo.-An Account of Livonia, published in the Mémoires of the Academy of Sciences at Munich. He also published, in 1820-1824, Essai d'un Exposé Géognostico-Botanique de la Flore du Monde Primitif, a translation by himself of a treatise by Gaspard count de Sternberg. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BRAY, (William,) a learned antiquary, born in 1736. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and contributed some valuable papers to the Archæologia. He published a Tour through the Counties of Derby and York; and A History of the County of Surrey, which had been commenced by Manning, 4 vols, 8vo, 1804-1814; and in 1817 he published the Diary and Memoirs of Evelyn. He died in 1832.

BRAY, (James,) a Dutch painter, born at Haerlem, at the close of the sixteenth century. Descamps mentions a clever picture by him, representing David playing before the ark, accompanied by a number of priests and Levites; a painting which discovers much excellence of colouring, and great correctness of drawing and design. He died in 1664, a short time before the death of his father, Solomon Bray, who was also a painter. James left a son, who was a painter of flowers, and who adopted the monastic life. (Biog. Univ.)

BRAYER, (John Joseph,) born at Soissons, in 1741, and before and during the Revolution, actively engaged in preserving order in that district. He narrowly escaped the fury of the revolutionary tribunal in 1790. In 1799 he was appointed to a judicial office at Rheims, and, in 1802, was made president of the tribunal of his native town, where he died in 1818.

BRAYER DE BEAUREGARD, (John Baptist Louis,) a French writer on political economy, born at Soissons, in 1770, and descended from the same family with the preceding. He at first served as a soldier; but feeling a distaste for a military life, he soon quitted the army, and devoted himself to literary pursuits, and to the society of literary men, and finally turned his whole attention to political economy. Ill health soon disqualified him for active occupations, and he died at Paris, in 1834. He published, Panorama de Paris et de ses Environs, 1805, 2 vols, 12mo. Coup-d'œil sur la Hollande, 1806, 1807, 2 vols, 8vo. L'Honneur Français, 1808, 2 vols, 8vo. This must not be confounded with a work by L. M. Sacy, under the same title, 1782. He prepared also a work, which he did not live to finish, entitled, L'Histoire de la Ville de Soissons. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BRAYER, (Nicholas,) of the same family with the preceding, born in 1604, at Château-Thierry. He obtained his doctor's degree in 1628; and acquired by his professional skill an extended reputation and an ample fortune. On the death of Vallot, in 1671, it was designed to appoint Brayer to succeed him as physician to the king; but he modestly declined the honour. He died in 1676, leaving behind him a character distinguished at once for professional ability and benevolence of heart; qualities for which he is highly commended by Boileau.

BREA, (Lodovico,) a painter, native

of Nizza, in the Genoese state, flourished about 1500. He may be considered as the founder of the primitive Ligurian school. Some of his works are still to be seen in the churches at Genoa, which have remained nearly as fresh as when they were first painted. His pictures are generally signed with his name, and are dated from 1483 to 1513. According to Sophrani, his works are well composed for the time, and his figures are tolerably drawn. His skill lay chiefly in the painting of small pictures.

BREARD, (John James,) an active agent in the French Revolution, born at Marennes, in 1760, and appointed, in 1790, a member of the Legislative Assembly, and, in 1792, a deputy to the National Convention. He voted for the execution of Louis XVI., and defended the cause of Marat. From 1803 until 1816, (when he died,) he lived in concealment, and thus escaped the punishment denounced at that time by law against the regicides. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BREAUTE, (Peter,) a brave French officer, of Norman descent, who, in the reign of Henry IV., being inflamed with an irrepressible passion for military fame, obtained that sovereign's permission to serve in Holland, in the army of Prince Maurice. He is distinguished in the history of that period for a mortal combat arising out of a private quarrel with the Spanish commandant of the town of Bois-le-Duc, on the 5th of February, 1600. The particulars of this fierce encounter are circumstantially related by de Thou, and are scarcely to be paralleled in the annals of modern heroism.

BREBES, (J. B.,) a French engraver, who executed some plates, in a neat style, for the work, Les Edifices de Rome, after the designs of Ant. Desgodetz, published in 1682. He also engraved from Sebastian Bourdon, and other masters.

BREBEUF, (John de,) a French Jesuit, a native of Normandy, born in 1595. He went to Canada with Champlain, in 1625, in the capacity of a missionary, and lived among the Hurons, the native inhabitants of that region, for three years, in which time he succeeded in learning their language. He was barbarously murdered, in 1649, by the Iroquois Indians. He composed for the use of the Hurons, in their own language, a Catechism, which Champlain has printed at the close of his Voyages de la Nouvelle-France Occidentale. (Biog. Univ.)

BREBEUF, (William de,) a French

poet, nephew of the preceding, born at Thorigny, in Lower Normandy, in 1618. His passion for poetical composition discovered itself at an early age. In 1650 he published a parody on the Seventh Book of the Eneid of Virgil; this was speedily followed by a translation of Lucan's Pharsalia. In 1656 he published, at Paris and Rouen, the first book of that poem travestied. This was an ingenious satire upon the great, and upon those who stoop to flatter them; and has been severely censured by the critics, though both Boileau and Voltaire acknowledge that it has some merit. Brebeuf died in 1661, at the age of forty-three years, twenty of which are said to have been passed in a continued fever. Besides the publications which we have already mentioned, he was the author of Poésies Diverses, Paris, 1658; in this work there are no less than one hundred and fifty epigrams, written for a wager, against ladies that rouged. Eclogues Poétiques; Entretiens Solitaires, ou Prières et Méditations pieuses en vers Français; Traité de la Défense de l'Eglise Romaine. (Moreri. Biog. Univ.)

BREBIETTE, (Peter,) a French painter and engraver, born at Mante, on the Seine, in 1596. He is said to have been a painter of some celebrity, but his pictures are little known in this country. As an engraver, however, he is entitled to more particular notice; he was possessed of an inventive genius, and engraved several plates from his own designs, which are composed in a very agreeable style. He etched, also, in a masterly and spirited manner. He like wise engraved many plates from paintings of the great masters.

BRECHE, (John,) a French advocate, born at Tours, about the commencement of the sixteenth century. He was a very miscellaneous writer, and the nature of his publications attest that he was a man of studious habits, and of an alert and active mind. He appears to have been well read in the Greek and Latin classics, and especially in the writings of Hippocrates and Galen. (Biog. Univ.)

BRECHTEN, (Nicholas van,) a Dutch poet, born at Haerlem about the middle of the thirteenth century. His works, which are said to possess some merit, are chiefly metrical versions of old romances. Van Wyn has given a catalogue of them in his Veillées Historiques. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BRECHTUS, (Lævinus,) a Flemish ecclesiastic and poet, born at Antwerp,

about the close of the fifteenth century. He wrote Euripus, a tragedy, in Latin verse; Sylva piorum Carminum, Louvain, 1555: Memorabilis Historia, complectens Agones illustrium aliquot Martyrum, ib. 1551. (Biog. Univ.)

BRECK BERG. See BErkheyden. BRECLING, (Frederic,) a Dutch Lutheran divine, born in 1629. His writings, which are of a fanciful cast, are very numerous; the principal are, Pan-harmonia pansophica; Pseudosophia Mundi; Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum; Alphabetum Naturæ, et Mysterium Numerum. (Biog. Univ.)

BREDA, (Peter van,) born at Antwerp, 1630, a painter of landscapes, which he always studied from nature. As he invariably sketched on the spot, the water and trees in his pictures have a wonderfully natural effect. Though inferior to it, his style somewhat resembles that of John Breughell. He died 1681, aged 51.

BREDA, (Alexander van,) a painter, born at Antwerp, about the middle of the sixteenth century. The subjects of his pictures were, Italian views, fairs, and markets, with figures and cattle; they were held in some estimation in his time. He was father of John van Breda, an artist, who far surpassed him.

s;

BREDA, (John van,) a painter of considerable merit, born at Antwerp, in 1683; the son of Alexander van Breda, by whom he was instructed until his eighteenth year. He was a successful imitator of the style of Wouvermans and so incredibly exact are his copies of the works of several other great masters, (of John Breughell particularly,) that even the practised eye of the connoisseur is often unable to distinguish the copies from the originals. He accompanied Rysbrack, the sculptor, to England, where he was so much sought after by persons of the highest rank, that he found it difficult to execute the numerous commissions of his patrons. After a residence of some years there, he returned to his native city, amply remunerated for his labours. So pleased was Louis XV., on his entry into Antwerp, in the year 1746, with the works of this master, that he ordered four of his pictures to be purchased for him. Breda died at Antwerp in 1750.

BREDAEL, (Peter van,) a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp, in 1630. It is not said under whom he learned the art, but he imitated the works of John Breughell, in whose style he painted small landscapes. He passed some time