imagination was lively, but incorrect, and his style animated, but fantastic. His Manilius, dedicated to Dr. Yonge, who had been Burton's tutor at college, and was afterwards bishop of Norwich, was reviewed by Parr, in the Monthly Review for December, 1784, and again in the London Magazine enlarged, for May 1785, of which a reprint appeared in the Classical Journal. For this double notice, where the censure far outweighed the praise, the author was no doubt indebted to some more powerful motive than a desire on the part of the reviewer to defend Bentley against the attacks of a person who was less of a scholar than a sciolist, and who, like many other wits, found it easier to ridicule Bentley than to refute him.

BURY, (Arthur,) an English divine, born in Devonshire, and educated at Exeter college, Oxford, from which he was ejected in 1648, after a residence of ten years, by the parliamentary visitor. At the Restoration he was made a prebendary of Exeter, rector of Exeter college, and chaplain to Charles II. His Naked Gospel, in which he avowed and defended the principles of the Socinians, caused his ejectment from his preferment, and the work was burnt by order of the university of Oxford. He attempted to vindicate himself in some pamphlets, and died at Exeter, about the end of the seventeenth century.

BURY, (Elizabeth,) a well-known writer among the dissenters. She was daughter of captain Lawrence, and was born at Linton, in Cambridgeshire, in 1644. She married Samuel Bury, a dissenting minister at Bristol. She excelled in the knowledge of divinity, mathematics, and the learned languages, especially of Hebrew. Her Life and Diary were published by her husband; and Dr. Watts honoured her memory with an elegant elegy. She died in 1720.

BURZOUYEH, or BURZEVYEH, a learned Persian philosopher and physician, in the reign of Chosroes, surnamed Nuschirvan the Just, by whom he was employed in various important researches connected with science and literature, and was especially commissioned to obtain a copy of the celebrated oriental fables ascribed to Pilpay, now known to be the work of a Hindoo brahmin, named Vishnu Sarma. Of this work, entitled, Djavidan Khird, or, the Wisdom of all Ages, he with difficulty procured a copy, and presented a translation of it to his sovereign, who munificently rewarded him. The trans

lation, which has descended to our times, is greatly altered from the original. Burzouyeh died about the middle of the seventh century.

BUS, (Cæsar de,) a French divine, founder of a religious order, called Priests, or Fathers of the Christian Doctrine, was born, of a noble family, at Cavaillon, in 1544. He at first cultivated poetry, and gave himself up to a life of pleasure; but he afterwards reformed, lived in a most exemplary manner, took orders, and travelled from place to place, administering the rite of confession, and catechizing. His zeal having procured him many disciples, he formed them into a society, whose principal duty was to teach what they called the Christian doctrine. Pope Clement VIII. gave his approbation to the establishment of this society in 1597, and in the following year appointed De Bus general of it. He had also some share in establishing the Ursulines of France. He lost his sight about fourteen years before his death, which took place at Avignon, in 1607. He left only a book of instructions, drawn up for his society, called, Instructions familières sur les quatre parties de la Doctrine Chrétienne, 1666, 8vo.

BUSA, a female of Apulia, of great opulence and noble birth, and celebrated by Livy for the munificent liberality with which she treated ten thousand Roman soldiers, who, after the disastrous battle of Cannæ, took refuge in Canusium. She fed, clothed, and relieved them with money. For these services the Roman senate decreed her extraordinary honours.

BUSBEQUIUS, (Augerius Gislenius,) a distinguished ambassador and scholar. His name was Auger Gislen de Busbec, which was Latinized as above, according to the custom of the time. He was born at Commines, a town in Flanders, in the early part of the sixteenth century, being an illegitimate son of the lord of Busbec, who reared him in his own house, and educated him in the most careful and liberal manner. By his father's intercession, and the payment of a considerable sum, a rescript of legitimization was obtained in his favour from the emperor Charles V. He studied in the universities of Louvain, Paris, Venice, Bologna, and Padua, and associated with the most learned and distinguished men of the time. He visited England, and was present as one of the emperor's embassy at the marriage of Philip II. of Spain, and queen Mary of England, in 1554. Having returned to Brussels, he, on the 3d of

November of the same year, received a letter from the emperor Ferdinand, informing him of his appointment as ambassador to Constantinople. He was obliged to ride on horseback from Brussels to Vienna, and from thence proceeded immediately to Constantinople. There he learned that the sultan (Solyman the Magnificent) was with his army in Amasia, in the interior of Asia Minor. He rode after him, and after several audiences, succeeded in procuring a truce for six months. He rode back to Vienna, where he arrived in August 1555. At this period the Turkish empire was an object of dread, not only to Austria, but to all the powers of Europe; and the reappointment of Busbequius as ambassador, is a proof of the confidence reposed in his diplomatic abilities. On his next visit to Constantinople, Solyman had returned; and during a residence of seven years, he conducted the negotiations with remark able circumspection and temper, and at length concluded an advantageous treaty. In 1562 he was appointed tutor to the sons of Maximilian, then king of the Romans; and when their sister, the princess Elizabeth, was married to Charles ÎX., king of France, he was deputed to accompany her to Paris. On the premature death of her husband, she quitted France, and left Busbequius as her agent. He afterwards became imperial ambassador at the French court. In 1592 he was on his way to Flanders, to visit his estates, but was waylaid by a party of leaguers. The shock received on this occasion was too much for the frame of Busbequius, now debilitated by old age. Giving up the further prosecution of his journey, he ordered his attendants to convey him to the house of madame de Maillot, at St. Germain, near Rouen, where he died after a few days, on the 28th of October, 1592. His body was interred in the parish church where he died, and his heart was deposited in the tomb of his ancestors in Flanders. He was a liberal cultivator of both literature and science. On his second journey to Constantinople, he brought with him an artist to make drawings of the rarest plants or animals. He preserved several important inscriptions, and especially one containing a list of the actions of Augustus, found at Ancyra, in Galatia, to be found in the notes of Grævius to Suetonius, and afterwards, in 1695, published from a more full and correct copy by Gronovius, at Leyden. His works were published in one volume, at the Elzevir Press, at

Leyden, in 1733, with a short account of his life by Justus Lipsius. They are:Legationis Turcicæ Epist. IV. De Re Militari contra Turcam instituendâ Consilium. Solimani Imp. Turc. Legatio ad Ferdinandum. Epistolæ ad Rudolphum II. Imperat. The last gives an account of the proceedings at the French court during his residence there. Several other editions of his works have been published, and likewise an English translation.

BUSBY, (Richard,) was born at Lutton, in Lincolnshire, September 22, 1606; and after receiving his education as a king's scholar at Westminster, was elected a student of Christ church, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree October 21, 1628, and M.A. January 18, 1631; but as he was too poor to pay the fees, the vestry of St. Margaret's, Westminster, voted him 11. 13s. 4d., which he not only repaid afterwards, but added to it an annual sum for the support of the parish school. In 1631 he obtained a prebendal stall in Wells cathedral, the income of which he lost during the civil war. In 1638 or 1640, for authorities differ, he became head-master of Westminster school, and continued so for fifty-five years; and used to boast that at one time sixteen out of the whole bench of bishops had been his pupils. During the usurpation of Cromwell he was removed from his situation, to make room for the second master, Bagshaw, who was a hot republican; but he was reinstated at the Restoration. In 1660 he obtained a prebendal stall in Westminster, and was made treasurer and canon residentiary of Wells; and at the coronation of Charles II. he carried the ampulla, containing the oil of consecration. Of his numerous benefactions done in secret, no record has been preserved; but it is known that he gave 250l. to the funds required to repair the chapel of his college, and another sum for that of Lichfield cathedral. He died at the advanced age of eighty-nine, April 6, 1695, without having experienced any of the evils which length of years seldom fail to bring; and was buried in Westminster abbey. From the inscription on his monument, it appears that, as a schoolmaster, he possessed the happy art of discovering the latent seeds of talent in his pupils, and the still greater power of bringing them forward; while he felt as a wealthy pluralist, that riches were showered upon him only to enable him to relieve the poor, and to encourage men of learning, and for the promotion of piety. And it was in this spirit that he

offered to found a lectureship of 100l. per annum at each university, for instructing the under-graduates in the rudiments of the Christian religion; but the offer was rejected, because it was accompanied with stipulations, supposed to be inconsistent with their statutes. In defence of his discipline, which was thought to be rather severe, he used to declare that a rod was his sieve; and that whosoever could not pass through it, was no boy for himan observation verified in the case of Dr. South; of whom, when young, he observed, "I can see great talents in that sulky boy, and will bring them out with my rod." Despite, however, his rigid discipline, he contrived to gain the love of his pupils; who could scarcely fail to admire the independence of their master, who, when the king entered his schoolroom, did not condescend to take off his hat; observing afterwards to some of the suite, that a master should appear as great a sovereign in his school, as the king did at court. A list of his publications, which are merely elementary works, or school editions, is given in the Biog. Britan.; but some of them are supposed by Wood, in his Athenæ Oxonienses, to have been got up by Busby's assistants; a remark that appears the more probable, as it has been said that he never allowed notes upon any classical authors read in his school.

BUSCA, (Ignatius,) a Romish ecclesiastic, was born at Milan, in 1713. He was appointed the pope's nuncio in Flanders, before the insurrection of that country against Joseph II. Recalled to Rome, with the promise of a cardinal's hat, to which he became entitled, in consequence of having once filled the office of nuncio, he was named governor of that city. In 1789, having been made cardinal, he obtained the confidence of Pius VI., and was appointed secretary of state. At the time of the publication of the Concordat, Busca proclaimed himself one of the greatest enemies of cardinal Gonsalvi, who had signed the treaty. He died in 1803.

BUSCH, (Henry von dem,) a physician, born at Embden, in Friesland, June 2, 1644. He studied at Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D. In 1674 he was made physician to the city of Bremen, where he died December 5, 1682, having published:-Dissertatio de Delirio, Lugd. Bat. 1668, 4to.

BUSCH, (Laurent von dem,) a physician, son of the preceding, born at Bremen, July 20, 1672. He studied at

Leyden and at Franeker, at which latter place he took his degree. He then travelled in Germany and Italy, and returned to his native place in 1696, where, three years afterwards, he was chosen professor of medicine. In 1711 he was appointed physician to the city, and he died January 14, 1712, having published Dissertatio de Vitâ Fotûs in Utero, Franek. 1695, 8vo. Diss. de Partu Cæsareo, ib. 1695, 8vo.

BUSCHE, (Hermann de,) a learned German, born in 1468, in Minden. After completing his studies at Heidelberg, he travelled through France and Italy; he then gave lectures on classical literature in several universities of Germany, and having embraced the new opinions in favour of Luther, it recommended him to the notice of the landgrave of Hesse, who appointed him professor of history at Marburg. He published then, in 1529, a treatise in support of Lutheranism, entitled, De Auctoritate Verbi Dei. He died at Dulen, in 1534. Among his principal works are, Commentaries on Silius Italicus; on the first book of Martial; and on Juvenal. He also published, Vallum Humanitatis, a work on the utility of the belles-lettres.

BUSCHETTO, (da Dulicchio,) an Italian architect, born about the beginning of the eleventh century. He was employed by the inhabitants of Pisa to build their famed cathedral, the expenses of which they defrayed out of the spoils which they found at Palermo, on taking the city from the Saracens. This noble structure, which was commenced in 1063, is remarkable for the great number of columns of marble, porphyry, and granite that adorn it.

It is built rather in the later Greek than in the Gothic style. Buschetto was a skilful engineer, and applied the principles of mechanics with an effect that in his time was regarded as marvellous. An epitaph, commemorative of his talents and ingenuity, was caused to be engraven upon his tomb by the magistrates of Pisa, and his school of architecture attained a high degree of reputation.

BUSCHING, (Antony Frederic,) a writer on geography, born at Stadthagen, in Westphalia. He visited Petersburg as tutor to the Danish ambassador, where he appears to have commenced his geographical collections; and in 1752 he published his first work, a Description of the Duchies of Holstein and Sleswick, which was much approved. In 1754 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Göttingen. About 1760 he was elected

pastor of the German Protestant church at Petersburg, and was the founder of the Lyceum in that city, which was in high repute as an establishment for education. Having left Petersburg in 1765, notwithstanding the solicitations of the empress Catherine, who wished to retain him, he was, in 1766, appointed director of the gymnasium of Grauen Kloster, at Berlin, where he died, in May 1793. He has the merit of discovering the true value of geography, and of connecting it with statistics. The first part of his Universal Geography appeared in 1754. His description of Europe was translated into English, in 6 vols, London, 1762. In it the northern nations, and Germany in particular, are minutely described. His works, on subjects relating to education, are accurate, and served as models for subsequent writers. Besides those, he wrote a History of the Lutheran Churches in Russia, Poland, and Lithuania, and some biographies and religious treatises. His labours were most important in the improvement of education; and the Prussian government were so sensible of his merits that they allowed his extensive correspondence to pass free of postage.

BUSEE, (John,) whose real name was Buys, was born at Nimeguen, in 1547. He became a Jesuit in 1563, and was for more than twenty years professor of theology at Mayence; he died in that city in 1611. He wrote, Treatises on the Controversy between the Lutherans and Ubiquitarians; on Fasting; and on the Divinity of Christ.

BUSEMBAUM, (Herman), a Jesuit, born, about the beginning of the seventeenth century, at Nottelen, in Westphalia. He wrote, Medulla Theologiæ Moralis, 12mo, which La Croix, one of his brethren, has enlarged to two vols, folio; the last edition is that of 1757. The idea of the pope's authority, even over the persons of kings, is carried in this work to the height of extravagance; all secular tribunals, therefore, united in its condemnation. The parliament of Toulouse, in 1757, and that of Paris, in 1761, ordered it to be burnt. Busembaum died in 1668.

BUSH, (Paul,) first bishop of Bristol, born in 1490. He became a student at the university of Oxford about 1513, and five years after took the degree of B.A., being then, according to Wood, numbered among the celebrated poets of the university. He afterwards became a brother of the order called Bonhoms, and, after studying some time among the friars of

St. Austin, (now Wadham college,) Le was elected provincial of his order at Edington, in Wiltshire, and canon residentiary of Sarum. In that station he lived many years, till at length king Henry VIII. being informed of his great knowledge in divinity and physic, made him his chaplain, and advanced him to the newly erected see of Bristol, to which he was consecrated June 25, 1542, at Hampton. In consequence of his marriage he was, on the accession of Mary, deprived of his dignity, and spent the remainder of his life in a private station at Bristol, where he died in 1558. He wrote:-Notes on the Psalms, London, 1525. Treatise in Praise of the Crosse. Answer to certain Queries concerning the Abuses of the Mass. Treatise of Salves and Curing Remedies, 8vo. A Little Treatise in English, called, The Extirpation of Ignorancy, &c., in verse. Carmina Diversa.

BUSHEL, (Thomas,) born in Worcestershire, in 1594, and educated at Baliol college, Oxford. He was afterwards in the service of lord chancellor Bacon, on whose disgrace he retired into Oxfordshire, to reside on his estate. He was strongly attached to the royal cause, and had the honour to entertain Charles I. and his queen at his seat; and for his services was made master of the royal mines in Wales. In this new appointment he established a mint, and coined money, which he sent to his sovereign at Oxford. At the Restoration he was permitted, by act of parliament, to work and improve the lead mines of Mendip, in Somersetshire. He died in 1674, and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster abbey. He published:-1. Speeches and Songs at the Presentment of the Rock at Euston to the Queen, in 1636, 4to. 2. A Just and True Remonstrance of His Majesty's Mines Royal in Wales, 4to, 1642, 3. Extract of the Lord Bacon's Philosophical Theory of Mineral Prosecutions, 1660, 4to.

BUSHNELL, (John,) an English sculptor, who died about 1701. He went to Italy, and remained some time in Rome and Venice. In the latter city he executed a magnificent monument for a Procuratore di San Marco. On his return to England, he produced the statues of Charles I. and II. for the Royal Exchange, and subsequently_the two statues of the kings at Temple Bar. He had agreed to complete the figures of the sovereigns of England at the Exchange, but on hearing that another artist

(Cibber) had made interest to supply some of them, he would not proceed.

BUSI, (Nicholas,) a sculptor, born in Italy, but known only by the works which he executed in Spain, where he passed the greater part of his life, and where his productions were much esteemed, and brought great prices. According to Velasco, his busts are his best performances. He died at an advanced age, in 1709.

BUSIRIS. According to Diodorus, there were various kings of this name in Egypt. The first was he whom Osiris left as his viceroy, when he went on his eastern expedition. The second ascended the throne when the dynasty of Menes became extinct, and was the founder of a family that built Thebes, as it was called by the Greeks, or the city of the Sun by the Egyptians; or, as others say, the town of Busir, where there was a temple of Isis, the ruins of which have been described by Sicard, in his Mémoires des Missions du Levant. There is also a fabulous Busiris; who, like Proteus, mentioned in the Helena of Euripides, is said to have sacrificed strangers, and even to have feasted upon their flesh. Erato sthenes, indeed, quoted by Strabo, xvii., asserted that the whole story was a fiction invented by travellers, who complained of the inhospitality of the Egyptians. The story, however, is as old as Euripides, who no doubt introduced in his Busiris the incident of Hercules arriving in Egypt; and how, after he had burst the bonds by which he was led to the intended sacrifice, he not only destroyed the tyrant, but put an end to the custom of offering up yearly a light-haired stranger to propitiate the power, who had threatened to curse Egypt with a nine years' famine. Epicharmus, too, in a fragment preserved by Athenæus, has mixed up the history of Hercules with that of Busiris; and the whole story is told, as plainly as it could have been by the pen of Agathon, the Samian, quoted by Plutarch, in the picture on the Vase No. 28, engraved in Millingen's Peintures de Vases Grècs. The scepticism of Eratosthenes had its origin, no doubt, in the Encomium of Busiris, written by Isocrates, in opposition to Polycrates; who, in his panegyric on Busiris, had perpetuated all the disreputable stories told of his hero, instead of passing them over or softening them down, as Isocrates says a clever panegyrist would have done.

BUSIUS, (Paul,) a Dutch lawyer, born at Zwoll, about the close of the sixteenth century. After studying and lecturing

for some years in his native place, he was appointed professor of civil law at Franeker in 1610, where he died suddenly in 1617. He published:-1. Tractatus de Annuis Reditibus, Cologne, 1601, 8vo. 2. De Officio Judicis, Leyden, 1610. 3. Comment. in Pandectas, Franeker, 1615.

BUSKAGRIUS, (John Peter,) a learned Swedish orientalist, born at Stora-Tuna, about the beginning of the seventeenth century. After travelling in Germany, France, England, and Holland, he was appointed professor of Hebrew at Upsal, where he died in 1692. He published, in Hebrew, a Dissertation on the Nature of the Massora, Upsal, 1651, 4to. De Usu et Necessitate Linguarum Orientalium, ib. 1654, 4to. De Deorum Gentilium Origine et Cultu, 1655.

BUSLEYDEN, or BUSLIDIUS, (Jerome,) one of the most zealous promoters of learning in the Low Countries, born in 1470, at Bauschleiden, in Luxemburg. He was employed by the emperor Maximilian in various negotiations with pope Julius II., Henry VIII., and Francis I. While in Italy he collected numerous books and manuscripts, with which he enriched his library, then one of the most valuable in Flanders. He was the friend and correspondent of Erasmus; and when Sir Thomas More visited the Low Countries, he showed him marked attenuon. One of his letters appears in the Utopia. He was a munificent benefactor to the university of Louvain, where he founded a college, called Collegium Trilingue. He died at Bourdeaux, in 1517.

BUSMANN, (John Eberhard,) a Lutheran divine, born at Verden, in 1644. He studied the oriental languages at Hamburg, under Edzard and Gutbir; and after travelling in England, Holland, and France, was appointed professor of oriental literature at Helmstadt, and in 1678, professor of theology. He died in 1692. He published:-1. De Scheol Hebræorum. 2. De Antiquis Hebræorum Literis ab Esdrâ in Assyriacas mutatis.

BUSSÆUS, (Andrew,) a Danish historian and antiquary, born in 1679. He applied himself at first to theology, which he studied at the university of Copenhagen, but afterwards gave his attention to history, philosophy, and jurisprudence. He was made burgomaster of Elsineur, in 1718, and held the office till his death, in 1755. Besides publishing some works of his own, he edited several works connected with the literature of Scandinavia