Germany, and a fourth at London in 1594. The title which he retained in all editions was, Britannia, sive Florentissimorum Regnorum Angliæ, Scotiæ, Hiberniæ, et Insularum adjacentium, ex intima Antiquitate, Chorographica Descriptio. The dedication is dated May 2, 1586, so that he finished this great work precisely at the age of thirty-five: and yet, as he informs us himself, he devoted to it only his spare hours and holidays; the duties of his office engrossing all the rest of his time. He speaks largely, and yet modestly, of the great and numerous obstacles he met with, and of the pains he took to overcome them; and while he professes a just apprehension of the censures of criticism, he bravely avows his resolution to face them all, rather than suffer them to deter him from rendering that justice to his country, which had long been denied her. Camden now began to be regarded as one of the most distinguished scholars of his age. He commenced a correspondence with the learned both at home and abroad, much of which has been preserved and published. In 1589 he took a journey into Devonshire, and in June that year was, as he tells us in his diary, at Ilfracombe, which is a prebend of the church of Salisbury, and had been bestowed on him in the February preceding by Dr. John Piers, then bishop of that see, and his intimate friend. The expense of this journey and of others was defrayed by his friend Mr. Godfrey Goodman. In 1590 he visited Wales, in company with Dr. Godwin, afterwards bishop of Llandaff and Hereford. In October 1592, he was attacked with a quartan ague, which, for a long while, baffled the physicians. During this illness, Dr. Edward Grant, who had been head master of Westminster school upwards of twenty years, resigned that place February 1592, and in March following was succeeded by Camden. In 1597, on the death of Richard Leigh, Clarencieux king-at-arms, Camden was, at the recommendation of Sir Fulk Greville, appointed to succeed him, without having passed through the inferior offices of herald or pursuivant; in consequence of which, on the publication of the fourth edition of his Britannia, with great enlargements and improvements, he was violently and indecently attacked by Ralph Brooke (more properly Brookesmouth), York herald, who exposed certain mistakes which he pretended to have discovered in the pedigrees of the earls of each county, and which he fancied might be

attended with circumstances dishonourable to many of the most ancient and noble families in this kingdom. Bishop Gibson ascribes this attack to envy of Camden's promotion to the place of Clarencieux king-at-arms, which place Brooke expected for himself. As soon as Camden found his health re-established, he made a journey to Salisbury and into Wales, and, returning by Oxford, spent some time in that city, taking notes in the churches and chapels there. In 1597 he published his Greek grammar for the use of Westminster school, entitled, Grammatices Græcæ institutio compendiaria in usum Regiæ Scholæ Westmonasteriensis, London, 8vo, which, when Dr. Smith published Camden's life, in 1691, had run through forty impressions. At this time he probably entertained no thoughts of quitting a post in which he was universally esteemed and respected. He refused the place of master of requests, offered him probably by lord treasurer Burleigh. In 1600 he travelled as far as Carlisle, with his intimate friend Mr. (afterwards Sir) Robert Cotton, and having surveyed the northern counties, returned to London in December. This year he published his account of the monuments in Westminster Abbey, Reges, Reginæ, Nobiles, et alii in Ecclesia Collegiata B. Petri Westmonasterii sepulti, usque ad annum reparatæ salutis 1600, 4to; which, though no more than a collection of epitaphs, has preserved many that have been since destroyed or effaced. He reprinted it with enlargements in 1603 and 1606. This year also came out a fifth edition of his Britannia, to which he added "An apology to the reader," in answer to what Ralph Brooke had published to the prejudice of his work. He concludes with rallying his antagonist, as utterly ignorant of his own profession, incapable of translating or understanding the Britannia, and offers to submit the disputed points to the earl marshal, the College of Heralds, the Society of Antiquaries, or four persons learned in these studies. This did not prevent Brooke from writing A Second Discoverie of Errors, in which he sets down the passages from Camden, with his objections to it in his first book; then Camden's reply; and last of all, his own answer; and in the appendix in two columns, the objectionable passages in the edition of 1594, and the same as they stood in that of 1600. This was not printed till about 100 years after the death of its author, by Mr. Anstis, in 1723, 4to.

In 1603, a collection of our historians, Asser, Walsingham, De la More, Gul. Gemeticensis, Gir. Cambrensis, &c. made by Camden, part of which had been incorrectly published before, was printed at Frankfort, in folio. His next publication is entitled Remaines of a greater Work concerning Britain, the Inhabitants thereof, their Language, Names, Surnames, Empresses, wise Speeches, Poesies, and Epitaphs, London, 1605, 4to. Many other of his lesser essays have been printed by Hearne, in his "Collection of curious Discourses," and more were added to the second edition of that work in 1771; which may be considered as the earliest transactions of the Society of Antiquaries, of which Camden was a distinguished member. In 1606, Camden began a correspondence with De Thou, which was continued till the death of the latter. Five of the president's letters, ending 1615, are printed by Dr. Smith among Camden's Epistles, 54, 59, 71, 99, 111, acknowledging the information he received from him relative to the affairs of this island. Upon the discovery of the gunpowder-plot, the king, thinking it proper to put the reformed churches abroad on their guard against the enemies of their religion, made choice of Camden to translate the whole account of the trial of the conspirators into Latin, which he performed with great accuracy, elegance, and spirit. It was published in 1607, and was straightway put into the list of books prohibited by the Inquisition. The same year he employed himself in putting the last hand to the complete edition of his Britannia in folio, considerably augmented, and accompanied with maps. In 1608 he began to digest the matter which he had been for years collecting, towards a history of the reign of Elizabeth, which had been suggested to him by his old patron, the lord treasurer, ten years before. But the death of Burleigh next year, followed soon after by that of the queen, and the difficulty of the task, obliged him to defer it. In the same year, upon the passing of the act to erect a college at Chelsea, for a certain number of learned men, who were to be employed in writing against popery, on a plan proposed by Dr. Sutcliffe, dean of Westminster, consisting of a dean or provost, seventeen fellows, and two historians, Camden was appointed to the last mentioned office. But this design failing, he received from it only the honour of being thought qualified to fill such a departFrom this time his history of

ment.

451

Elizabeth employed his whole attention, and when the first part was ready, which reached to the year 1589, was published in 1615, folio, under the title of Annales Rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabethâ ad ann. salutis 1589, London. Several parts of this work have caused Camden's impartiality to be called in question. He has been charged with being influenced in his account of the queen of Scots by complaisance for her son, and with contradictions in the information given by him to M. de Thou, and his own account of the same particulars. It is not to be wondered if James made his own corrections on the MS. which his warrant sets forth he had perused before he permitted it to be published. This led Camden to decline publishing in his lifetime the second part of his history, which he completed in 1617. It was first printed at Leyden, 1625, 8vo; again, London, 1627, folio; Leyden, 1639, 8vo, &c. But the most correct edition of the whole is that by Hearne, from Dr. Smith's copy corrected by Camden's own hand, collated with another MS. in Rawlinson's library. From this time he seems to have lived in retirement at Chiselhurst. In the beginning of 1621, he was consulted by lord chancellor Bacon, on the ceremonies requisite for creating him viscount St. Albans, which was performed January 27th following. On the last day of August the same year, he was seized with a return of his old disorder, but happily recovered. This, added to his advanced age, determined him to put in execution his intention of founding an historical lecture, now called The Camden Professorship of History, at Oxford. Accordingly, in May 1622, he sent down his deed of gift by the hands of his friend, Mr. William Heather. Camden himself, at the recommendation of his friend Thomas Allen, appointed his first professor Degory Wheare, A.M. fellow of Exeter college. Thus he fulfilled the vow with which he closes his Britannia, to dedicate some votive tablet to God and antiquity. He died on the 9th of November, 1623, at his house at Chiselhurst, in the seventy-third year of his age. He was interred in Westminster Abbey, and his funeral was attended by a great assemblage of persons distinguished for their rank and learning. A monument, which still remains, was erected to his memory; his bust, with the left hand resting on the Britannia. Camden possessed no contemptible vein of poetry, as may be seen by his Latin poem, en

GG 2

titled Sylva, in praise of Roger Ascham, written in compliment to his friend Dr. Grant, and prefixed to his edition of Ascham's Letters in Latin, 1590, 12mo; another entitled Hibernia; an hexastich prefixed to Hakluyt's Voyages; another to Sir Clement Édmondes' translation of Cæsar's Commentaries; another to Thomas Rogers's Anatomy of the Human Mind, 1576, 12mo. He wrote also ten epitaphs, the most remarkable of which is that for the queen of Scots. The marriage of the Tame and Isis, of which he more than half confesses himself the author, does honour to his fancy, style, and skill in versification. The first edition of his Britannia was in 1586, 8vo, and the sixth and last was in 1607, fol. This was the first with maps. There were also several editions printed abroad. The first translation of it was in 1610, by Philemon Holland, who was thought to have consulted Mr. Camden himself, and therefore great regard has been paid by subsequent editors to his additions and explanations. It was translated in 1694 by bishop Gibson, and published in folio, with large additions at the end of each county; others are inserted in the body of the book, distinguished from the original, and Holland's most material notes placed at the bottom of each page. As this was grown scarce, and many improvements were communicated to the editor, he published a new edition 1722, 2 vols, fol. and additions, greatly enlarged, incorporated with the text, distinguished by brackets. This edition was reprinted 1753, 2 vols, fol. and again in 1772, with a few corrections and improvements from the bishop's MS. in his own copy, by his son-in-law, George Scot, Esq. Thus have a long succession of writers been making additions to the work, until the original has been nearly overlaid by new matter: the last edition is that of 1806, in four volumes, folio. The best edition is that by Richard Gouge, London, 1789, in three volumes, folio.

CAMDEN, (John Jeffreys Pratt, first marquis,) born on the 11th of February, 1759. He was the eldest child and only son of Charles first earl Camden, some time lord high chancellor of England, and afterwards lord president of the council, by Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Nicholas Jeffreys, Esq. He was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1779, and that of LL.D. in 1832. Shortly after coming of age, he was, at the general election of 1780, returned to parliament as one of

the members for Bath; and in the same year he was appointed one of the tellers of the exchequer, which office he held for the extraordinary period of sixty years. On the 13th of July, 1783, he was appointed one of the lords commissioners of the Admiralty, which office he filled to the 8th of April, 1783; and again from the 30th of December following to the 6th of July 1788. On the 8th of April, 1789, he was appointed one of the lords of the treasury, and he continued in that office until May 1794; when he had become a member of the House of Peers by his father's death. He was rechosen for Bath in 1784 and 1790, and succeeded his father in the peerage April 18, 1794. In April 1795, he was sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant. The period in which he entered upon the government of that country was one of extreme peril and difficulty; the whole country was in a state of rebellion, and it required immediate and vigorous counsels to stop the current of sedition by which the overthrow of the English government was threatened Lord Camden instantly adopted the measures which seemed to him most likely to restore tranquillity; but it appeared necessary to the safety of the kingdom that a military man should occupy his post, and the marquis Cornwallis was appointed his successor in June 1798. On his return to England he was received by government with every demonstration of respect. In the debates which ensued on the subject of Ireland, he ably defended the measures taken during his short administration, and constantly and firmly recommended the immediate union of the two countries. On the 14th of August, 1799, he was elected a knight of the Garter. He was secretary for the colonies from May 1804 to July 1805, and president of the council from the latter date to February 1806, and from March 1807 to April 1812. In December, 1834, he was elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge, which distinguished office was vacant by the death of the duke of Gloucester. For some years he was master of the Trinity house, which honourable post his lordship resigned to his friend the duke of Wellington in 1837. He was also recorder of Bath, previous to the alterations made by the Municipal Corporations Reform Act. Few men have shown themselves endowed with a nobler or more genuine patriotism than he; and there is one action of his life which throws a greater lustre over his name and character than

either could derive from the accident of birth. It has already been noticed that he held the lucrative office of teller of the exchequer for sixty years; and during almost half that term he had patriotically resigned the large income arising from it, amounting at the last quarter to upwards of a quarter of a million of money. The formal thanks of Parliament were voted to him for this munificent sacrifice. For his eminent services to the state, he was created marquis Camden and earl of Brecknock, in September 1812. He died on the 8th of October, 1840. CAMELLI, or KAMEL, (George Joseph,) a German botanist, born at Brunn, in Moravia, about the middle of the seventeenth century. He became a Jesuit, and was sent as a missionary to the Philippine Islands, where he applied himself to the study of the plants and natural history of the different islands, especially of that of Lucon. His descriptions, sent to the Royal Society, are remarkable for their precision and exactness; those which concern plants were published by Ray. Linnaeus has dedicated to him a species, that grows in Japan, named, in honour of him, Camellia.

CAMERARIUS, (Joachim,) one of the most learned Germans belonging to the period of the Reformation, and the father of a family distinguished for learning, was born at Bamberg, in 1500. He was descended from an ancient and noble family, which had changed its names Liebhard and Pulben, into Kammermeister, from a member of it who had filled the office of chamberlain. He commenced his studies in his father's house, and completed them at Leipsic and Erfurth. He cultivated medicine, mathematics, and the Greek language, with singular zeal and success. In 1521 he was attracted to Wittemberg by the reputation of Melancthon, who received him with much cordiality, lodged him in his house, and sent him to Nuremberg to organize a high school there, and to teach Greek and history. In 1530 he accompanied Melancthon to the diet of Augsburg, in which he took an important part, and was known to have had a chief share in framing the celebrated Augsburg Confession. The senate of Nuremberg, in requital of his services, wished to appoint him their syndic, but he declined this honour from the desire to devote himself entirely to teaching and study. In 1535 he reorganized the university of Tubingen, where he filled the office of professor of Greek and eloquence;

he also remodelled the university of Leipsic. He was from this time employed in the most important public affairs. He was deputy at the diet of Augsburg, in 1555; and in 1556 he accompanied Melancthon to that of Ratisbon. In 1568 he went to Vienna, on the invitation of the emperor Maximilian II. who conferred with him on points of doctrine, and on the best means of terminating the troubles which had taken place on account of religion. Although exposed to strong solicitation, he refused to accept from the emperor either places or dignities. He died at Leipsic, in 1574, having suffered much from stone, for which he would not submit to the operation, and even forbid his body to be opened after death. He was remarkable for using few words in conversation, but his knowledge was immense in extent and variety. His works amount to above 150. The following are amongst the most remarkable :—1. Narratio de, &c. containing biographical notices of several other learned men of the time. 2. Vita Philippi Melancthonis. 3. Historia Sy nodi Nicena. 4. Norica, sive de Ostentis. 5. Vita Mauritii Saxon aæ Electoris. 6. De Divinationum Generibus. 7. Philosophicæ Consolationes, written by him and Sadoletus. 8. Historica Narratio de Fratrum Orthodoxorum Ecclesiis in Bohemia, Moravia, et Polonia. 9. Theophrasti Opera; besides translations of several Greek authors. He was an excellent horseman, and wrote on the art of training horses, Hippocomicon. His letters were published after his death by his son. His life has been written by Freyhub, Dresser, Adami, and Doppelmayer. (Biog. Medic.)

CAMERARIUS, (Joachim,) son of the preceding, born at Nuremberg, 1534. He was at first educated in his father's house, and afterwards at Wittemberg and Leipsic. He was a distinguished pupil of Melancthon. He visited Italy, spent one year at Padua, and obtained his degree of M.D. at Bologna, in 1562. By his father's desire he settled at Nuremberg, where his great learning and abilities established for him a reputation which extended over Germany. He died in 1598, after returning from a journey to Dresden, on a professional visit to the Elector. He was a great lover of botany, and formed a botanical garden, which afterwards was well known as that of Aichstaedt. Plumier has named a genius of plants (Cameraria) after him. His works are chiefly botanical, and illustrated with plates of

great accuracy and beauty. One of the most remarkable of his productions is a collection of symbols and emblems taken from plants and animals, in the manner of Alciati, published at Nuremberg, in 1590-1597.

CAMERARIUS, (Joachim,) eldest son of the above, born at Nuremberg, 1566. After travelling in Italy, the Low Countries, and England, he became doctor of medicine at Basle, in 1593, and settled as physician at Nuremberg. He resided some time at the court of the prince of Anhalt, but love of country brought him back to Nuremberg, where he died in 1642. His favourite adage was, "Vita hominis plus aloes quam mellis habet." He published only two treatises, the most remarkable of which is, De Piscinis et Piscium qui in illis aluntur Naturâ.

CAMERARIUS, (Elias Rodolph,) a German physician, son of John Rodolph Camerarius, born at Tubingen, May 7, 1641. He manifested great quickness, and his academical studies were so far advanced that he was permitted to take his bachelor's degree in 1655, his master of arts in 1658, and his doctor's degree in 1663; and he was afterwards made professor of theoretical medicine. In 1669 he was admitted a member of the Imperial Academy of the Curious in Nature, under the title of Hector. In 1672 he was appointed principal physician to the prince of Wirtemberg; and in 1677 he filled the chair of medicine at the university of Tubingen. An account has been given of the extent of his practice during a rather short career, as he died June 7, 1695. The number of cases committed to his care are reported to have amounted to 33,280. His works are principally academical pieces.

CAMERARIUS, (Rodolph James,) eldest son of Elias Rodolph, born, in 1665, at Tubingen, where he became professor of medicine and director of the botanical garden. He afterwards became professor of physics and mathematics. He travelled through the greater part of Europe, and was author of fifty-eight dissertations on various medical and botanical subjects. He died in 1721.

CAMERARIUS, (Elias,) a German physician, son of Elias Rodolph Camerarius, born at Tubingen, February 17, 1673. He studied philosophy and medicine at the university of his native place, and in 1691 travelled into different parts of Germany, Holland, and England. Upon his return, in 1692, he was made physician extraordinary of Tubingen, and

received into the Imperial Academy of the Curious in Nature, under the title of Hector III. and he took the degree of M.D. In the following year he received an extraordinary chair of medicine, and in 1708 he accompanied Frederic Lewis, the hereditary prince of Wirtemberg, to Turin; and upon his return from Italy he was made counsellor, first physician, and professor in ordinary of medicine. He died February 8, 1734. His works are numerous, and characterised by a strange mixture of scepticism and credulity.

CAMERARIUS, (Alexander,) a German physician, son of Rodolph James Camerarius, born at Tubingen, Feb. 3, 1696. Having completed his medical studies, he received the degree of M.D. in 1717, from the hands of his father. He then travelled in Suabia and Franconia, and upon his return was appointed director of the botanic garden, and professor-extraordinary of medicine. Upon the death of his father, in 1721, he succeeded to his chair of medicine, and he was admitted into the Imperial Academy of the Curious in Nature, under the title of Hector IV.

CAMERATA, (Giuseppe,) a Venetian miniature painter and engraver, was born at Venice, about 1724. He was the son of an artist of some merit, and became the pupil of Giovanni Cattini, for the purpose of learning the art of engraving. In 1751 he went to Dresden, and was made principal engraver to the court. There are several plates by him from pictures in the Dresden gallery.

CAMERINO, (Francis de,) an Italian ecclesiastic of the fourteenth century, raised to the episcopate by pope John XXII., who sent him as nuncio to Constantinople for the purpose of effecting, in concert with the emperor Andronicus, a consolidation of the Greek and Latin churches. But the mission proved abortive. This transaction occurred in 1333.

CAMERON, (John,) a Scotch divine of the fifteenth century. The first time he is mentioned is as "official of Lothian;" a dignity which corresponded with the office of an archdeacon. He next became confessor and secretary to the earl of Douglas, who presented him to the rectory of Cambuslang. In 1424 he was made provost of the priory of Lincluden, near Dumfries. He was successively promoted to the offices of keeper of the great seal and privy seal, and secretary to James I. In 1426 he was elected bishop of Glasgow, and continued keeper