D.D.(1) Deputy Regius Professor of Divinity, Joseph Jowett LL.D. fellow and tutor of Trinity Hall and Regius Professor of Civil Law, John Mainwaring B.D. Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, William Lort Mansel(2) M.A. Public Orator, and Richard Belward M.A. fellow and tutor of Caius College, a committee to manage the prosecution. On the 23rd of April, Isaac Milner D.D. the Vicechancellor issued a summons requiring Mr. Frend's appearance in the Law Schools, on the 3rd of May, to answer a charge preferred by Dr. Kipling (promoting the office of judge) of having violated the laws and statutes of the University by publishing the pamphlet above mentioned, in which religion as established by public authority within this realm and also all ecclesiastical ranks and dignities were impugned. On the day appointed, Mr. Frend appeared before the Vicechancellor, nine Heads of Colleges, and the Commissary, and the Court being adjourned to the Senate House, he renounced its jurisdiction. This renunciation being overruled, articles against him were exhibited wherein it was alleged that in the pamphlet in question he had defamed the public liturgy of the Church by affirming that "it is very far from that standard of purity in doctrine, which is required in such compositions;" affirmed that the public worship of the great body of Christians is idolatrous, including in this charge the members of the Church of England; asserted that "ecclesiastical courts, ecclesiastical ranks and titles, are all repugnant to the spirit of Christianity;" and profanely reviled and ridiculed the most sacred office of religion, as enjoined by the Church of England, and performed by its ministers. The Court, after some discussion, adjourned to the 10th of May to give Mr. Frend time for his defence. On that day, Mr. Frend again appeared and denied the articles "asserting them to be false, wicked, and malicious." Evidence was then called on the part of the promoter. The evidence occupied the time of the Court on that day, and on the 11th and 13th of May. On the 17th of May, Dr. Kipling the promoter summed up the evidence, and on the 24th of May Mr. Frend made a long and able defence, to which Dr. Kipling replied. On the 27th of May, the Vicechancellor and Heads met and agreed upon their decision, which was delivered at a Court held on the 28th, to the effect that Mr. Frend was proved to be the author and publisher of the pamphlet, and that by writing the same and publishing it within the University he had offended against

(1) Dean of Peterborough, 1798.

(2) Afterwards Master of Trinity College and Bishop of Bristol.

the statute "De Concionibus." The Vicechancellor with the assent of the major part of the Heads of Colleges therefore required him to retract and publicly confess his error and temerity, in a form prescribed. Mr. Frend desired time to consider whether he could subscribe or not and the Court was adjourned to the 30th of May, when Mr. Frend, after in vain requiring that there should be pointed out some specific error which he was to recant, declared, "I would sooner cut off this hand than sign the paper." Mr. Frend then offered a plea in bar of sentence, to the effect that at the close of the preceding term his offence had been pardoned by the general absolution then pronounced by the Deputy Vicechancellor. The Vicechancellor refused to receive this plea, and having made a long speech to the University, pronounced the following decree:

I ISAAC MILNER, D.D., and Vice-chancellor of the university of Cambridge, do decree, declare, and pronounce, that William Frend, M.A. and Fellow of Jesus College, having offended against the statute, "De Concionibus," by writing a pamphlet, intituled "Peace and Union, recommended to the associated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-Republicans," and by publishing the same within the university of Cambridge, and having refused to retract his error and temerity in the manner prescribed to him by me, the Vicechancellor, with the assent of the major part of the Heads of Colleges, has incurred the penalty of the statute, and that he is therefore banished from this university.

I. MILNER, Vice-chancellor,

J. SMITH,

R. FARMER,

W. COLMAN,

L. YATES,

J. BARKER,
J. TURNER,
FRA. BARNES,
W. CRAVEN,
T. POSTLETHWAITE.

From this sentence Mr. Frend appealed, and on the 14th of June Sir William Wynne knt. LL.D. of Trinity Hall, John Hey D.D. of Sidney College, John Barlow Seale D.D. of Christ's College, John Lane M.A. of Queens' College, and Edward Christian M.A. of St. John's College, were appointed delegates. They on the 29th of June, unanimously affirmed the Vicechancellor's sentence.(1) In the following year, Mr. Frend made an ineffectual application to the Court of King's Bench for a mandamus to restore him to his franchises.(2)

On the 3rd of April in this year, the Master and fellows of Jesus College, decided that Mr. Frend by writing the pamphlet in question, was guilty of an offence against the laws of the college, and that he should not be allowed to reside in college till he should produce satisfactory proofs of good behaviour. Mr. Frend appealed to the Bishop of Ely the Visitor, who after considering the written state

ments of the parties, on the 13th of July, dismissed the appeal.(1) Mr. Frend afterwards applied to the Court of King's Bench for a mandamus requiring the Bishop to hear and determine the appeal, contending that he was bound to hear the parties personally. The Court refused a rule.(2)

At the Town Sessions held on the 18th of July, John Cook of the Petty Cury, baker, was tried for uttering the following seditious words at the Red Lion and Black Bull in this town, “I will always have a calf's head for dinner on the 30th of January, "so long as I have money to buy one: King George's head would "look well so served up in a dish; there would be cut and come "again; and what a wonderful discovery there would be when "you came to the brains! D-n the monarchy; I want none:

"I wish to see all the churches down, and the roads mended "with them, and King's Chapel made a stable of." He was convicted and sentenced to three months' imprisonment, to pay a fine of 40s. and to find sureties of the peace for six years.(3)

On Saturday the 20th of July, appeared the first number of a weekly newspaper entitled "The Cambridge Intelligencer," price 34d. It was printed and edited by Benjamin Flower, a person of no inconsiderable talent, and who strongly advocated liberal opinions. This paper was continued for about ten years, when Mr. Flower removed from Cambridge to Harlow in Essex.

On the 24th of October, a grace passed that all future elections to the Professorship of Chemistry should be "secundum morem in Electione Burgensium receptum."(4)

On the 14th of December, the Senate voted £100. from the University chest towards supplying the British troops serving on the Continent, with comfortable clothing and other necessaries during the winter.(5)

1794.

At the Town Sessions held on the 17th of January, an indictment for seditious words was preferred against Luke Pennington a printer. It appearing that he used the words when heated with liquor and provoked, the grand jury threw out the bill.(6)

(1) Howell's State Trials, xxii. 733.

(2) Durnford & East's Reports, v. 475.

(3) Cambridge Chronicle; Cambridge Intelligencer, 20 July, 1793.

(4) Gunning, Ceremonies of Univ. of Camb. 268.

(5) Cambridge Chronicle, 21 Dec. 1793.

(6) Cambridge Intelligencer, 18 Jan. 1794.

On Wednesday, the 28th of February, being the day appointed for a general fast, a sermon was preached before the University at Great St. Mary's, by the Rev. William Lort Mansel Public Orator from Jer. xxxiv. 17.(1)

On the 5th of March, the University proceeded to elect a perpetual curate of Seaton Ross in the county of York. The candidates were Thomas Brown M.A. of Christ's College, and Nicholas Bourne M.A. fellow of St, John's College. The votes were, Brown 78; Bourne 46.(2)

At the Lent Assizes, the Earl of Hardwicke the Lord Lieutenant, proposed that the County should raise a troop of cavalry of eighty men, and that the militia should be augmented by a certain number of private volunteers. The Grand Jury approved of this proposal, and resolved that a subscription for carrying the same into effect should be commenced. The sum of £4235. 6s. 6d. was accordingly raised by subscription, and a corps of volunteer cavalry or fencibles was formed, of which Robert Jones Adeane Esq. was constituted captain. Amongst the subscribers were the University (£500.), the Earl of Hardwicke (£300.), James Warwood Adeane Esq. M.P. for the County (£100.), Hon. Charles Yorke M.P. for the County (£100.), Hon. Joseph Sidney Yorke(3) of the Circe frigate (£50.), St. John's College (£100.), Dr. James Yorke Bishop of Ely (£100.), King's College (£105.), Thomas Panton Esq. (£50.), the Dean and Chapter of Ely (£50.), Joseph Tharp Esq. (£100.), Richard Cropp Esq. (£50.), Henry Lyell Esq. (£100.), Trinity College (£105.)(4)

A paper duty act which received the royal assent on the 4th of April, contains enactments for drawbacks on paper used at the presses of the Universities in printing books in the Latin, Greek, Oriental or Northern languages, or Bibles, Testaments, Psalm-books, and Books of Common Prayer.(5)

On the 12th of April, a grace to subscribe the above-mentioned sum of £500. from the University chest for augmenting the militia, was carried by majorities of 37 to 5, and 30 to 6.(6)

In April this year, (when the University was thin, and many of the Town were engaged in the militia and other warlike ser

(1) Cambridge Intelligencer, 1 March, 1794.

(2) Ibid. 8 March, 1794.

(3) Father of the present Earl of Hardwicke.

(4) Cambridge Chronicle, 15 March-21 June, 1794.

(5) Stat. 34 Geo. III. c. 20, ss. 37, 39, 40, 41.

(6) Cambridge Intelligencer, 12 April, 1794.

vices) the collector of the paving tax took an account of the population. The following was the result:

On the 23rd of May, the royal assent was given to an amending the paving act.(2)

act

On the 12th of June, the Town was illuminated on account of Lord Howe's victory over the French fleet.(3)

On the 26th of November, the Court of King's Bench discharged a rule which had been obtained by Mr. Frend calling upon the University to show cause why a mandamus should not issue commanding them to restore him to the franchises of a resident Master of Arts.(4) Cause was shown by Sir John Scott (5) AttorneyGeneral, the Hon. Thomas Erskine,(6) Mr. Law,(7) Mr. Graham,(8) and Mr. Le Blanc,(9) and the rule was supported by Mr. Gibbs(10) and Mr. Raine.(11)

(1) MS. Bowtell, iii. 356.

(2) Vide ante, p. 429.

(3) Cambridge Chronicle, 14 June, 1794.

(4) Vide ante, p. 449.

(5) Afterwards Earl of Eldon and Lord High Chancellor.

(6) Afterwards Lord Erskine and Lord High Chancellor.

(7) Afterwards Lord Ellenborough and Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.

(8) Afterwards Sir Robert Graham Baron of the Exchequer.

(9) Afterwards Sir Simon Le Blanc Justice of the King's Bench.

(10) Afterwards Sir Vicary Gibbs Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas

(11) Durnford & East's Reports, vi. 89.